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利用WRF-CMAQ模式对比有无人为氯排放的模拟试验,定量分析了不同季节人为氯排放对二次无机气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶的影响.结果表明,人为氯排放对硫酸盐的影响较小,而硝酸盐对人为氯排放较为敏感,Cl-颗粒物与HNO3、N2O5、NO3和NO2均可发生反应生成硝酸盐,同时NH3也会转化为铵盐.人为氯排放使冬、春、夏、秋季硝酸盐月均浓度分别最高增加9.8μg/m3(34.3%)、1.5μg/m3(11.4%)、1.3μg/m3(9.1%)和2.6μg/m3(10.3%),铵盐月均浓度分别最高增加3.0μg/m3(30.7%)、0.6μg/m3(10.3%)、0.5μg/m3(6.5%)和1.1μg/m3(8.0%),冬季影响最大,夏季影响最小.人为氯排放增强了Cl原子和OH自由基对VOCs的降解作用,不同种类的SOA浓度略有上升,人... 相似文献
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This study aims at comparing broadly the environmental concerns and opinions between Hong Kong and Beijing students. This is based on an earlier study in Australia which adopted a qualitative approach, using five open-ended question items. In their written comments the children's environmental opinions and concerns were explored. In general, upper primary students tended to be concerned more about the social environment relating to society, while junior and senior secondary students expressed more concern about the social environment relating to the nation and global issues. 相似文献
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In a fish testing strategy, positive results of the fish short term reproduction assay (FSTR), often trigger a definitive test like the fish sexual development test (FSDT) or the fish full life cycle test (FFLC), entailing ethical and economic problems. This study analysed 137 studies encompassing 35 chemicals with different modes of actions (MOAs). Variability is quantified for MOA endpoints vitellogenin (VTG) and secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) as well as for apical endpoints. Two MOA endpoints could indicate estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities. Great variability, however, has been observed for chemicals with anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities, suggesting that TG229/230 may not be sensitive enough to detect these types of chemicals and may produce false negatives. Changes in apical endpoints like fecundity are not limited to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Non-EDCs could induce the similar effects on these apical endpoints. If elucidating MOA is needed, targeted in vitro MOA tests are suggested. Positive in vitro MOA results trigger a definitive test, which could be used for confirmation of the MOA in vivo and for deriving a no observed effect concentration (NOEC). Based on positive MOA results of TG229, a definitive test such as the FSDT or the FFLC is still needed, because the current TG229 has limitation on the derivation of a NOEC. An extended TG229 with more power to detect reproduction effects, as recently proposed in the OECD test guideline program, would improve the possibility to derive a NOEC and increase its usefulness in risk assessment. 相似文献
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During the last two decades, the importance of sulphur dioxide as a pollutant has moved away from its association with suspended particulate matter, to it being a precursor of SO
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aerosol (acidic e.g. sulphuric acid, or neutralised e.g. ammonium sulphate). Co-located concentration data of sulphur dioxide and SO
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, at nine monitoring sites situated in predominantly rural areas in the United Kingdom, collected over the time period 1979–1995, have been analysed. The time series for both species are discussed for the sites. Further analysis has shown that there is a degree of correlation between sulphur dioxide and SO
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for most of the sites considered. This correlation is of approximately the same level for most of the sites taken independently and together, and in most cases the slopes and intercepts associated with the simple empirical model equations arising from the correlation analysis, are of the same order of magnitude. The implementation of these site-dependent model equations within dispersion models for the prediction of the concentration of airborne sulphate aerosol from knowledge of sulphur dioxide concentration is discussed. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed the influence of transported sulphate aerosol on the local concentration, especially during high concentration episodes. 相似文献
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为了解城市地震次生灾害的演化路径及扩散机理,进而为城市防震救灾工作提供科学的参考依据,通过对城市地震有关资料和文献的分析,确定出城市地震次生灾害演化系统贝叶斯网络的节点变量及取值范围,并根据节点变量之间的因果关系构建出贝叶斯网络结构图。通过对国内外典型震例中的16个受灾城市相关数据进行统计,分析获得网络结构各个变量的条件概率。结合贝叶斯网络推理知识,利用贝叶斯网络工具箱分析了在相同的地震输入变量、不同的控制输入变量取值条件下,各类城市地震次生灾害的发生概率。算例分析结果表明不同的应急管理水平对城市地震各类次生灾害的发生概率有显著影响。 相似文献
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为了实现城市污水厂二级出水的回用,将La3+、Fe3+共掺杂TiO2/浮石光催化用于二级出水中有机物的去除。在优化工艺条件下,该方法对TOC的去除率为49.0%,对UV254的去除率为76.5%;出水BDOC/DOC值大幅度提高,由最初的0.21提高到0.56,增加了出水的可生化性;二级出水中存在着影响光催化去除有机物的因素,其中阴离子对有机物的去除有一定的抑制作用;光催化反应在通过O3强化后对有机物的去除率得到提高,TOC的去除率达到75.0%,光催化和O3氧化对有机物的去除具有协同效应;随着光催化反应次数的增加,催化剂活性有下降趋势,使用10次后TOC去除率下降到第一次使用时的16.7%,再生能够使催化活性恢复到使用前的95%,催化剂在使用15次以内稳定性较好。 相似文献