泰山顶PM2.5及其二次组分的输送路径与潜在源

为了明确泰山顶PM_2.5及其二次组分的输送路径与潜在来源,基于后向轨迹聚类方法对2015年冬季和春季抵达泰山顶的气团传输轨迹进行聚类分析,并利用PSCF（潜在源贡献因子）和CWT（浓度权重轨迹）方法分析泰山顶冬季和春季PM_2.5、SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+的潜在源域.结果表明,冬季和春季来自不同方向的气团轨迹对泰山顶PM_2.5及其组分的潜在源分布的影响具有明显差异.冬季泰山顶ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（NO₃-）平均值的最高值对应的气团轨迹来自湖北、河南、山东济宁等地区,而来自西北方向的轨迹1和轨迹2分别对应的ρ（SO₄2-）和ρ（NH₄+）平均值最高;春季影响ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（NO₃-）的气团轨迹主要来自西南方向的河南、安徽北部、山东聊城等地区,而源自蒙古国途经内蒙古、山西、河南北部和山东聊城的气团轨迹对ρ（SO₄2-）和ρ（NH₄+）的贡献最大.泰山顶ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）和ρ（NH₄+）的PSCF分布特征与CWT分布特征类似,WPSCF（源区分布概率）和CWT的最高计算值主要集中山东济宁、聊城以及邻近的山西省、河北省和河南省,是泰山顶大气污染物的主要潜在源域.      

中国电动自行车动力铅酸蓄电池生命周期评价

以近年来中国用量增长最快的电动自行车动力铅酸蓄电池为对象,建立了生命周期环境影响评价模型,分析了从原材料生产、电池生产、电池运输、电池使用和废旧铅酸蓄电池及含铅废物回收处理全生命周期的环境影响.研究采用了大量企业调研数据和中国本土LCA数据库,以期反映整个中国铅酸蓄电池产业链的技术工艺和环境管理水平现状.结果表明,原材料生产和电池使用是资源(含能源)消耗的主要阶段,贡献了电池全生命周期绝大部分的环境影响.原材料生产贡献最多的全生命周期环境影响包括非生物资源耗竭(699%)、富营养化(89%)、光化学烟雾(98%)、臭氧层破坏(117%)、人体毒性(159%)和生态毒性(484%).电池使用过程的电耗间接消耗了83%的一次能源,相应地贡献了最多的气候变暖潜值(86%)和酸化潜值(70%).废旧铅酸蓄电池和含铅废物回收再生铅可抵消很大一部分原材料生产造成的环境影响.延长电池寿命,减少电池生产金属用量及提高废旧电池回收处理过程的工艺技术和污染控制水平也是减少铅酸蓄电池生命周期环境影响的关键.     

The Value of Primary, Secondary, and Plantation Forests for a Neotropical Herpetofauna

Abstract:  Plantation forests and second-growth forests are becoming dominant components of many tropical forest landscapes. Yet there is little information available concerning the consequences of different forestry options for biodiversity conservation in the tropics. We sampled the leaf-litter herpetofauna of primary, secondary, and Eucalyptus plantation forests in the Jari River area of northeastern Brazilian Amazonia. We used four complementary sampling techniques, combined samples from 2 consecutive years, and collected 1739 leaf-litter amphibians (23 species) and 1937 lizards (30 species). We analyzed the data for differences among forest types regarding patterns of alpha and beta diversity, species-abundance distributions, and community structure. Primary rainforest harbored significantly more species, but supported a similar abundance of amphibians and lizards compared with adjacent areas of second-growth forest or plantations. Plantation forests were dominated by wide-ranging habitat generalists. Secondary forest faunas contained a number of species characteristic of primary forest habitat. Amphibian communities in secondary forests and Eucalyptus plantations formed a nested subset of primary forest species, whereas the species composition of the lizard community in plantations was distinct, and was dominated by open-area species. Although plantation forests are relatively impoverished, naturally regenerating forests can help mitigate some negative effects of deforestation for herpetofauna. Nevertheless, secondary forest does not provide a substitute for primary forest, and in the absence of further evidence from older successional stands, we caution against the optimistic claim that natural forest regeneration in abandoned lands will provide refuge for the many species that are currently threatened by deforestation .     

电除尘器末端微细粉尘收集装置研究

电除尘器末端是针对二次扬尘超细粉尘颗粒的收集的最后一道屏障。通过分析前人在此方面开展研究的技术成果基础上,集成多项技术,探索一条经济性较高的电除尘器增容提效改造的途径。     

建设用地二三产业增长贡献及空间相关性研究

在土地资源总量有限和耕地保护压力巨大背景下,将建设用地纳入经济增长内生模型,研究土地要素对二三产业增长贡献,探寻省际建设用地产出弹性在空间上是否存在相关性与集聚性具有一定的理论与现实意义.已有关于建设用地经济增长贡献研究大多假设技术水平单调上升,或直接把固定资产投资当资本存量,且很少研究增长贡献的空间相关性.本文首先测算1999 - 2008年全国与各省技术水平及二三产业资本存量,以准确测度建设用地经济增长贡献,其次对C-D生产函数进行回归以计算建设用地产出弹性,最后用空间相关分析法分析产出弹性在空间上的相关性与集聚区域.结果表明:技术水平变化并非像以往假设一样——随时间单调上升,而是在某些年份进步迅速,某些年份进步缓慢,甚至有些年份停滞不前；资本存量对经济增长弹性最大,劳动力次之,建设用地最小,其值是0.1027；中国省际建设用地二三产业产出弹性存在全局自相关现象,自身及相邻省份的建设用地二三产业贡献水平高于平均数(HH)的区域主要分布在长江三角洲地区,与此相反(LL)的区域则主要分布在西北内陆地区.     

Endosulfan acute toxicity and histomorphological alterations in Jenynsia multidentata (Anablepidae,Cyprinodontiformes)

Toxicity tests using adult specimens of Jenynsia multidentata were carried out during 96 hours in order to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of endosulfan. Histological alterations were determined in gills and liver. Gill damage was quantified as secondary lamellae thickness. The 96 hr LC50 values were significantly different between males (0.719 μ g.L^{? 1}) and females (1.317 μg.L^{? 1}). The sex difference was attributed to the dimorphism in the lipid content in females (2.16%) and males (1.79%). Histological alterations in gills included hypertrophy and lifting of the epithelium of the secondary lamellae and aneurisms. These alterations caused a significant increase of the secondary lamellae thickness in treatment versus control fish. Finally, reversible histological alterations (such as hydropic degeneration and dilation of sinusoids) were observed in the liver of exposed fish as well as an irreversible change such as necrosis at the highest concentrations.     

Conservation of Epiphyte Diversity in an Andean Landscape Transformed by Human Land Use

Abstract: Epiphytes are diverse and important elements of tropical forests, but as canopy‐dwelling organisms, they are highly vulnerable to deforestation. To assess the effect of deforestation on epiphyte diversity and the potential for epiphyte conservation in anthropogenically transformed habitats, we surveyed the epiphytic vegetation of an Ecuadorian cloud forest reserve and its surroundings. Our study was located on the western slopes of the Andes, a global center of biodiversity. We sampled vascular epiphytes of 110 study plots in a continuous primary forest; 14 primary forest fragments; isolated remnant trees in young, middle‐aged, and old pastures; and young and old secondary forests. It is the first study to include all relevant types of habitat transformation at a single study site and to compare epiphyte diversity at different temporal stages of fragmentation. Epiphyte diversity was highest in continuous primary forest, followed by forest fragments and isolated remnant trees, and lowest in young secondary forests. Spatial parameters of habitat transformation, such as fragment area, distance to the continuous primary forest, or distance to the forest edge from inside the forest, had no significant effect on epiphyte diversity. Hence, the influence of dispersal limitations appeared to be negligible or appeared to operate only over very short distances, whereas microclimatic edge effects acted only in the case of completely isolated trees, but not in larger forest fragments. Epiphyte diversity increased considerably with age of secondary forests, but species assemblages on isolated remnant trees were impoverished distinctly with time since isolation. Thus, isolated trees may serve for recolonization of secondary forests, but only for a relatively short time. We therefore suggest that the conservation of even small patches of primary forest within agricultural landscape matrices is essential for the long‐term maintenance of the high epiphyte diversity in tropical cloud forests.     

Taking the Conservation Biology Perspective to Secondary School Classrooms

Abstract: The influence of conservation biology can be enhanced greatly if it reaches beyond undergraduate biology to students at the middle and high school levels. If a conservation perspective were taught in secondary schools, students who are not interested in biology could be influenced to pursue careers or live lifestyles that would reduce the negative impact of humans on the world. We use what we call the ecology‐disrupted approach to transform the topics of conservation biology research into environmental‐issue and ecology topics, the major themes of secondary school courses in environmental science. In this model, students learn about the importance and complexity of normal ecological processes by studying what goes wrong when people disrupt them (environmental issues). Many studies published in Conservation Biology are related in some way to the ecological principles being taught in secondary schools. Describing research in conservation biology in the language of ecology curricula in secondary schools can help bring these science stories to the classroom and give them a context in which they can be understood by students. Without this context in the curriculum, a science story can devolve into just another environmental issue that has no immediate effect on the daily lives of students. Nevertheless, if the research is placed in the context of larger ecological processes that are being taught, students can gain a better understanding of ecology and a better understanding of their effect on the world.     

Beijing Ministerial Declaration on Environment and Development

Abstract

As the main organic pollutant in municipal living waste, kitchen waste causes secondary pollution in the course of its being gathered and transported to the landfill by mixing with other refuse and by decomposition. This makes pollution prevention more difficult and raises the cost of landfill engineering. However, the amount of solid waste to be treated can be decreased and such pollution burden lessened by disposing of the solid waste in local municipal areas. The program in Beijing also shows that this works well with our situation in China and can accelerate marketization and public participation.     

江汉油田老二站提高水质达标率研究

江汉油田老二站采出水经典处理后回注,出水悬浮物、Fe2+和细菌均超标严重,水质达标率低.通过工艺调整,工艺前段利用SRB的除铁作用大幅度降低Fe2+含量;絮凝沉降阶段依据Fenton反应原理,借助H2O2的氧化除铁与杀菌作用,提高絮凝沉降效率,降低悬浮物含量;工艺末段选用多种杀菌剂交替杀菌.结果表明,工艺调整后以100 mg/L的H2O2代替原絮凝剂,间歇添加100 mg/L的杀菌剂Ⅱ,出水含铁1.5 mg/L、悬浮物3.0 mg/L、SRB 10个/mL,老二站水质达到注水水质标准要求,水质达标率达80％.