原生、再生有色金属利用程度的比较研究

以1953—2005年期间我国10种有色金属产量的统计数据为基础,以原生、再生有色金属资源对形成有色金属产量各自所做贡献为依据,对原生、再生资源被利用程度进行比较研究,试图从重原生轻再生的原料结构比例失衡中给人以醒悟,从而提升对再生金属在战略资源中地位的认识。从循环经济的实质出发,提出了循环经济有可能成为再生金属资源产业发展的内在动力。     

Chemical studies on Indopacific Ceratosoma nudibranchs illuminate the protective role of their dorsal horn

Summary. Two Ceratosoma species, C. trilobatum and C. gracillimum (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opistobranchia), collected along the South China Sea coast, have been studied in order to investigate their defensive strategies. Both species contain four typical sponge furanosesquiterpenoids, probably with a dietary origin. The tissue distribution of these compounds has been studied by ¹H-NMR analysis and preliminary bioassays have been carried out in order to evaluate the ecological role of the isolated metabolites. The main sesquiterpene component in both species was (–)-furodysinin (2), which showed significant feeding-deterrent and ichthyotoxic properties in bioassays with freshwater organisms. The work has been performed studying a very limited number of molluscs that prevented the realization of ecologically relevant experiments. However, the almost exclusive presence of compound 2 in the crude extract of the mantle glands concentrated in the dorsal horn of C. gracillimum strongly supports the defensive role of that dorsal protuberance, which probably acts as a defensive lure attracting potential predators to the part of the animal that contains the distasteful chemicals.     

马铃薯微型薯诱导的激素调节

用虎头（Ｈ）、克四（Ｋ）和Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ（Ｆ）３个马铃薯（ＳｏｌａｎｕｍｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍＬ．）品种的无病毒再生植株进行的微型薯诱导实验表明，微型薯的诱导与植物激素的种类和浓度有关：３个品种的微型薯诱导都需要ＢＡ，但０．０５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１的ＩＢＡ能缩短Ｈ微型薯诱导所需的时间，而０．０５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１的ＮＡＡ有利于Ｋ在形成的微型薯上再产生新的微型薯，即形成二次微型薯．另外，０．０５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１的ＩＢＡ能够明显地提高Ｆ微型薯的生长量．对此３个品种而言，在１．０ｍｇ·ＬＢＡ＋０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１ＩＢＡ的激素溶液中预处理后的微型薯，在有菌条件下，比对照组更容易萌发形成再生植株．     

Plant volatiles are behavioral cues for adult females of the gall wasp Antistrophus rufus

Summary. The purpose of this study was to identify plant volatiles that provide host location cues for adult females of the gall wasp Antistrophus rufus Gillette (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Larvae of this species inhabit flowering stems of the prairie perennial Silphium laciniatum L. (Asteraceae). Adult females responded to volatile compounds emitted by stems of S. laciniatum in field olfactometer bioassays. Plant volatiles were monoterpenes, including, in descending order of abundance, racemic - and -pinene (~50% + enantiomer for both), (+)-limonene, (–)-camphene, and -myrcene. In laboratory bioassays, females responded to aeration extracts of plant stems, the full blend of synthetic monoterpenes, and the four-component blend of -pinene, -pinene, (+)-limonene, and (–)-camphene. This monoterpene blend apparently serves as an olfactory cue for host plant location for female A. rufus and is the first such cue to be reported for a cynipid gall wasp. Species-specific ratios of plant monoterpenes may provide cues for gall wasp females to distinguish between plant species and choose appropriate hosts for oviposition. The olfactometer and bioassay techniques developed for this research may be useful for field bioassays of other types of minute arthropods.     

Long-Term Landscape Change and Bird Abundance in Amazonian Rainforest Fragments

Abstract:  The rainforests of the Amazon basin are being cut by humans at a rate >20,000 km²/year, leading to smaller and more isolated patches of forest, with remaining fragments often in the range of 1–100 ha. We analyzed samples of understory birds collected over 20 years from a standardized mist-netting program in 1– to 100-ha rainforest fragments in a dynamic Amazonian landscape near Manaus, Brazil. Across bird guilds, the condition of second growth immediately surrounding fragments was often as important as fragment size or local forest cover in explaining variation in abundance. Some fragments surrounded by 100 m of open pasture showed reductions in insectivorous bird abundance of over 95%, even in landscapes dominated by continuous forest and old second growth. These extreme reductions may be typical throughout Amazonia in small (≤10 ha), isolated fragments of rainforest. Abundance for some guilds returned to preisolation levels in 10- and 100-ha fragments connected to continuous forest by 20-year-old second growth. Our results show that the consequences of Amazonian forest loss cannot be accurately described without explicit consideration of vegetation dynamics in matrix habitat. Any dichotomous classification of the landscape into "forest" and "nonforest" misses essential information about the matrix.     

桂花次生林群落主要树种种间关联及其对混交度的响应

根据2×2联列表,运用方差分析、χ2统计量度量、Ochiai指数系列技术,测定福建省长汀县桂花次生林群落14个主要树种间的总体联结关系、种对间联结显著性和关联系数,并首次引入混交度,阐述种间关联性与种间空间隔离程度之间的关系.结果表明,桂花次生林群落14个主要树种的总体种间关联性呈无关联,反映该群落处于演替的初期阶段;14个主要树种的种间联结关系中,7对具显著正关联性,2对具极显著正关联性,4对具显著负关联性,2对具极显著负关联性.91个种对中,有76个种对未达到显著水平,种对间的相互独立性较强.根据群落特征,以混交度贡献率为辅助指标,探讨呈显著关系的种对与混交度贡献率的关系,得出具生态位重迭性且呈显著正关联的种对表现出高混交度贡献率,具生态相似性且呈显著正关联的种对为避免竞争表现出较低混交度贡献率,呈显著负关联的种对表现出低混交度贡献率,混交度贡献率可为判别种间关联性提供一定的参考作用.表2参17     

燃烧过程颗粒物的形成及我国燃烧源分析

燃料燃烧会排放一次颗粒物和二次颗粒物,一次颗粒物中亚微米粒子主要是由于无机矿物质经蒸发-成核-凝结-凝并的途径形成的;超微米颗粒的产生不同于亚微米颗粒的形成,是由于破碎机理.二次颗粒物是由气态前驱体在大气中转化而成的.我国燃烧源主要是煤燃烧、燃油机动车和农村生活燃料等.深入认识颗粒物的形成及燃烧源的特征对有效控制颗粒物的排放是很有帮助的.     

济南地下水资源系统多目标管理模型及模糊带权方法

根据济南地下水资源系统管理研究,建立了济南地下水资源系统多目标管理模型;利用模糊数学理论,提出一种模糊带权方法,它能同时解决互为矛盾、互为竞争的各目标之间的不可比性和主次性问题。实际计算表明,本文建立的多目标管理模型和提出的方法是合理的和有效的。     

飒马场次生半湿润常绿阔叶林凋落物特征初步研究

对滇中牟定县飒马场小流域内常绿阔叶林群落凋落物的物种、器官组成及产生动态进行了一年的初步研究。结果表明:群落年凋落物量为3 51t/hm2,叶的产生量占总量的76 33±13 66%,枝8 02±5 38%,花果7 30±7 57%,杂物8 35±4 95%。叶决定着群落凋落物产生的节律,两者都呈现出双峰型,在4月和11月分别出现峰值,其他组分的影响则不明显,与叶的凋落动态甚至出现负相关。几种主要物种的凋落物产生虽大多都是双峰型的,但和整体的节律相关性都很低。