建设用地二三产业增长贡献及空间相关性研究

在土地资源总量有限和耕地保护压力巨大背景下,将建设用地纳入经济增长内生模型,研究土地要素对二三产业增长贡献,探寻省际建设用地产出弹性在空间上是否存在相关性与集聚性具有一定的理论与现实意义.已有关于建设用地经济增长贡献研究大多假设技术水平单调上升,或直接把固定资产投资当资本存量,且很少研究增长贡献的空间相关性.本文首先测算1999 - 2008年全国与各省技术水平及二三产业资本存量,以准确测度建设用地经济增长贡献,其次对C-D生产函数进行回归以计算建设用地产出弹性,最后用空间相关分析法分析产出弹性在空间上的相关性与集聚区域.结果表明:技术水平变化并非像以往假设一样——随时间单调上升,而是在某些年份进步迅速,某些年份进步缓慢,甚至有些年份停滞不前;资本存量对经济增长弹性最大,劳动力次之,建设用地最小,其值是0.1027;中国省际建设用地二三产业产出弹性存在全局自相关现象,自身及相邻省份的建设用地二三产业贡献水平高于平均数(HH)的区域主要分布在长江三角洲地区,与此相反(LL)的区域则主要分布在西北内陆地区.     

铜川市秋冬季大气VOCs特征及其O3和SOA形成潜势分析

VOCs是O₃和SOA形成的重要前体物,可增强大气氧化性,促进二次污染物形成,影响区域空气质量和人体健康.为研究铜川市秋冬季VOCs特征及其对O₃和SOA生成的潜力,利用TH-300B在线监测系统监测了铜川市区102种VOCs的体积分数,并结合最大增量反应活性系数法和气溶胶生成系数法分别计算VOCs的O₃及SOA生成潜力.结果表明,铜川市秋季和冬季φ（TVOC）分别为（50.52±16.81）×10^-9和（63.21±35.24）×10^-9,O₃生成潜势分别为138.43×10^-9和137.123×10^-9, SOA生成潜势分别为3.098μg·m^-3和0.612μg·m^-3.秋季VOCs中含量最多的2种组分为烷烃（26.19%）和芳香烃（26.04%）,冬季VOCs中含量最多的组分为烷烃（48.88%）.反-2-戊烯、甲苯和间/对-二甲苯是秋季OFPs最大的3个成分,...     

北京森林BVOCs排放特征及对区域空气质量的影响

利用林业二类调查蓄积资料广泛调研植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)排放因子的最新研究成果,运用光温影响模型对北京森林BVOCs排放特征进行研究,并分析其对区域空气质量的影响.结果显示,2015年北京森林BVOCs排放量平均值为27.97× 109g C/a,变化域值范围为(9.46～76.45)× 109g C/a,其中...     

中国电动自行车动力铅酸蓄电池生命周期评价

以近年来中国用量增长最快的电动自行车动力铅酸蓄电池为对象,建立了生命周期环境影响评价模型,分析了从原材料生产、电池生产、电池运输、电池使用和废旧铅酸蓄电池及含铅废物回收处理全生命周期的环境影响.研究采用了大量企业调研数据和中国本土LCA数据库,以期反映整个中国铅酸蓄电池产业链的技术工艺和环境管理水平现状.结果表明,原材料生产和电池使用是资源(含能源)消耗的主要阶段,贡献了电池全生命周期绝大部分的环境影响.原材料生产贡献最多的全生命周期环境影响包括非生物资源耗竭(699%)、富营养化(89%)、光化学烟雾(98%)、臭氧层破坏(117%)、人体毒性(159%)和生态毒性(484%).电池使用过程的电耗间接消耗了83%的一次能源,相应地贡献了最多的气候变暖潜值(86%)和酸化潜值(70%).废旧铅酸蓄电池和含铅废物回收再生铅可抵消很大一部分原材料生产造成的环境影响.延长电池寿命,减少电池生产金属用量及提高废旧电池回收处理过程的工艺技术和污染控制水平也是减少铅酸蓄电池生命周期环境影响的关键.     

次生铁矿物及其与环境中锑的相互作用研究进展

我国锑矿资源丰富,锑矿资源开发利用过程导致锑进入表生环境并富集。锑作为人体非必需重金属,具有高化学毒性,是国际公认优先控制金属污染物。次生铁矿物在形成过程中和成矿后能以共沉淀、吸附等方式固定有害金属,但又易受环境因子变化的影响,重新释放被固定的有害金属,对有害金属的环境行为和归宿有着重要影响。本文面向我国锑污染现状,立足于常见次生铁矿物的基本结构和表面过程,以次生铁矿物相转变为切入点,论述了次生铁矿物与锑的相互作用机理,总结了环境pH、溶解性有机物、Fe(II)、微生物及环境温度等外界因素作用下次生铁矿物对锑环境行为的作用规律,以期从矿物学角度厘清环境因素-次生铁矿物-锑之间的微观作用机制,为表生环境锑污染的环境风险评价和修复治理提供理论指导。     

Predicting landscape-scale biodiversity recovery by natural tropical forest regrowth

Natural forest regrowth is a cost-effective, nature-based solution for biodiversity recovery, yet different socioenvironmental factors can lead to variable outcomes. A critical knowledge gap in forest restoration planning is how to predict where natural forest regrowth is likely to lead to high levels of biodiversity recovery, which is an indicator of conservation value and the potential provisioning of diverse ecosystem services. We sought to predict and map landscape-scale recovery of species richness and total abundance of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants in tropical and subtropical second-growth forests to inform spatial restoration planning. First, we conducted a global meta-analysis to quantify the extent to which recovery of species richness and total abundance in second-growth forests deviated from biodiversity values in reference old-growth forests in the same landscape. Second, we employed a machine-learning algorithm and a comprehensive set of socioenvironmental factors to spatially predict landscape-scale deviation and map it. Models explained on average 34% of observed variance in recovery (range 9–51%). Landscape-scale biodiversity recovery in second-growth forests was spatially predicted based on socioenvironmental landscape factors (human demography, land use and cover, anthropogenic and natural disturbance, ecosystem productivity, and topography and soil chemistry); was significantly higher for species richness than for total abundance for vertebrates (median range-adjusted predicted deviation 0.09 vs. 0.34) and invertebrates (0.2 vs. 0.35) but not for plants (which showed a similar recovery for both metrics [0.24 vs. 0.25]); and was positively correlated for total abundance of plant and vertebrate species (Pearson r = 0.45, p = 0.001). Our approach can help identify tropical and subtropical forest landscapes with high potential for biodiversity recovery through natural forest regrowth.     

6种农业废弃物初期碳源及溶解性有机物释放机制

针对农业废弃物作为反硝化碳源初期有机物释放过多,N、P和色度物质释放以及溶解性有机物成分、释放机制及潜在影响不清楚等问题,选取水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、玉米芯、大豆秸秆和大豆壳作为反硝化碳源,研究其碳源、二次污染物及溶解性有机物的释放情况,并分析其可能产生的影响.结果表明,6种材料均可作为反硝化碳源,小麦秸秆中C元...     

Maximum permissible and negligible concentrations for some organic substances and pesticides

The aim of the paper is to provide interested parties the methods that were used for generic hazard assessment in The Netherlands, and the resulting so-called maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) and the negligible concentrations (NCs) for approximately 150 organic substances and pesticides. The MPCs and NCs were derived for water, sediment, and soil. The concentration in the environment above which the risk of adverse effects was considered unacceptable to ecosystems is called the MPC. The MPCs take into account that the substances are distributed among the different environmental compartments, and are harmonized accordingly. The MPCs served as a basis for the Dutch government to set generic environmental quality standards (EQS) in The Netherlands (IWINS,[15]). EQS in turn are used by the Dutch Government to assess the environmental quality and for other environmental policy purposes. Concentrations in the environment below which the occurrence of adverse effects is considered to be negligible are called NCs. Hazards must be reduced when the environmental concentration of a substance exceeds its MPC. In-between this limits reduction of hazards is preferable. The MPC is a scientifically derived hazard limit. The NC is simply defined as 1% of the MPC. In general, there is a great demand for ecotoxicological data that currently limits a more reliable estimate of many MPCs. For water, approximately half of the MPCs are derived on the basis of four or more NOECs (no observed effect concentrations). For the other half, MPCs are based on only a few chronic or acute tests. For soil and sediment, however, almost no ecotoxicological data are available, and MPCs for those compartments have, in many cases, been derived from MPCs in water applying the equilibrium partitioning method (EqP-method), resulting in MPCs with greater uncertainty. Some of the methods and underlying assumptions that have been used may need improvement. For example, the factor between MPC and NC, the statistical extrapolation method, the method that is used for secondary poisoning, the role of the background concentrations of ‘naturally’ occurring substances, and the bioavailability and the EqP-method. There is a great need for hazard limits, and the present compilation tries to provide those as well as identifying research gaps.     

Sexual selection, feather breakage and parasites: the importance of white spots in the tail of the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)

The long outermost tail feathers of barn swallows Hirundo rustica have white spots that are larger in males than in females and in adults than in juveniles. Spot size increases with age among adults and is positively correlated with tail length. We tested the functional significance of these white spots by randomly assigning males to either of three groups during spring: (1) subjected to a considerable reduction in the size of all spots using a black permanent pen; (2) subjected to a small reduction in the size of all spots; or (3) a control group with no reduction. Experimental treatment significantly affected the total number of offspring produced per season: breeding tended to be delayed and second broods were less frequent after a considerable reduction in the size of the males' tail feather spots. White parts of feathers lacking melanin were more often found to be the site of feather breakage than the melanised parts of similar width. Furthermore, white tail spots were the preferred feeding site of feather-eating Mallophaga and, since long-tailed males have fewer Mallophaga than short-tailed males, long-tailed males may pay a lower cost for their large white tail spots than short-tailed males. Hence, the cost of increased risk of feather breakage at white tail spots and the non-random distribution of feather lice among individuals will render tail spots a reliable signal of phenotypic quality. Received: 25 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 4 January 1998