滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、土壤中多氯联苯的空间分布特征及风险评价

为了解城市人工湖泊中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染状况,利用GC/MS技术测定了滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、土壤中14种PCBs的含量,并对其分布特征、来源和生态风险进行了探讨与分析.结果表明,滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、周边农田土壤中Σ_(14)PCBs含量分别为0.65~16.41 ng·g~(-1)(以干重计)和0.47~1.27 ng·g~(-1),总体处于较低污染水平.但环湖水系表层沉积物高于湖区表层及柱样沉积物中PCBs含量,引水过程可能会对湖区造成污染.湖区沉积物中PCBs随深度增加而降低,表明自成湖以来湖区沉积物中PCBs有污染加剧的趋势.研究区沉积物、土壤中PCBs均以四氯联苯(Tetra-CBs)和五氯联苯(Penta-CBs)为主,分别占Σ_(14)PCBs的20.65%和67.12%,主要特征单体为PCB105、PCB118和PCB77.主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,PCBs主要来源于国产2号、1号PCB产品的使用残留、城市固废焚烧及煤、木材的燃烧排放.研究区沉积物及土壤中12种类二噁英类多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的毒性当量浓度(TEQs)为0.01~79.40 pg·g~(-1),其中环湖水系及湖区表层沉积物有7个样点中DL-PCBs-TEQs超过了美国EPA沉积物质量指导值(ISQGs),可能对水生生物产生毒性影响,应当引起重视.     

达里诺尔湖近2400年以来Hg元素含量变化及环境意义

汞（Hg）元素作为一种全球性循环元素,对环境的影响正逐渐成为人们关注的焦点之一.为揭示寒旱区达里诺尔湖沉积物的Hg污染历史及人类活动对湖泊沉积物中Hg污染的影响,通过采集湖泊沉积物岩芯（编号DL1）,在建立DL1岩芯沉积地层年代框架的基础上,结合沉积物粒度特征、总有机质（TOC）含量等指标参数的变化,对DL1岩芯记录的地质历史上的Hg含量变化特征及环境意义进行了综合分析.结果显示,沉积物记录的Hg元素污染具有明显的阶段性变化特征：2400~1400 cal.a BP,Hg含量呈逐渐降低趋势,期间降水量呈逐步减少趋势,区域气候显著干旱;1400~200 cal.a BP,Hg含量相对稳定,呈小幅度波动变化,对应了区域气候的干-湿交替;近200 cal.a BP以来,Hg含量明显增加,这可能是受人类活动影响的结果.整体上,地质历史上DL1沉积物中Hg含量变化受气候干冷-暖湿交替周期性变化影响较大.而近200 cal.a BP来Hg与TOC等指标间显著正相关,则显示了沉积物中有机质可能吸附了大量的Hg元素,使其呈顶端富集趋势,进而对湖泊水生态环境造成影响.     

南水北调对密云水库水位变幅带土壤磷释放量的影响

南水北调来水引起的水位上涨可能会导致密云水库水位变幅带土壤中磷的释放.过量的磷可能会引起水体富营养,因此,研究水库变幅带磷释放风险对密云水库水质安全保障具有科学指导意义.本研究采用连续浸提法测定密云水库变幅带土壤及沉积物中弱吸附态磷(NH_4ClP)、铁磷(BD-P)、铝磷(NaOH-P)及钙磷(HCl-P)等4种不同形态磷含量,探讨其分布特征;并在室内进行了磷释放模拟实验,估算了南水北调来水引起水库水位上升所致的易释放磷的释放量.结果表明,NH_4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-P、HCl-P广泛地分布于密云水库变幅带土壤及沉积物中.在白河、内湖及潮河3个库区,磷形态分布具有一致规律,即HCl-PNaOH-PBD-PNH_4Cl-P.因密云水库变幅带为中国典型的北方碱性土壤,变幅带无机磷主要为钙磷.NH_4Cl-P在3个库区变幅带土壤中含量相差不大,在受水动扰动力影响较小的内湖库区BD-P含量略高于其它2个库区.在3个不同库区中,潜在活性磷NH_4Cl-P和较稳定的NaOH-P在岸上和水陆交界面土壤及水下沉积物中含量相差不大,受氧化还原条件影响较大的BD-P在沉积物中的含量略高于岸上和水陆交界面土壤.磷释放模拟实验及释放量估算结果表明,水库水位上涨3 m的情况下,白河、潮河和内湖库区淹没变幅带土壤分别释放1.02、0.80、0.37 mg·m~(-2)易释放磷.白河和内湖库区变幅带被水淹没土壤中磷释放的风险可能更高,需加强防护.     

SBR处理铁路洗涤废水试验研究

铁路洗涤废水中含有的主要污染物直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)是我国环境标准中第2类污染物质.目前,铁路洗涤废水的处理以物理和化学法为主,存在效果不稳定、成本较高和工艺复杂等问题,急需寻求一种适合铁路洗涤废水特点的处理工艺.用SBR小试装置进行铁路洗涤废水处理实验研究,并且投加LAS降解菌于SBR中,进行了工艺参数的确定,处理效果考察和投菌前后对比等方面的初步研究.     

An Effective Means of Biofiltration of Heavy Metal Contaminated Water Bodies Using Aquatic Weed Eichhornia crassipes

Various aquatic plant species are known to accumulate heavy metals through the process of bioaccumulation. World’s most troublesome aquatic weed water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has been studied for its tendency to bio-accumulate and bio-magnify the heavy metal contaminants present in water bodies. The chemical investigation of plant parts has shown that it accumulates heavy metals like lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) to a large extent. Of all the heavy metals studied Pb, Zn and Mn tend to show greater affinity towards bioaccumulation. The higher concentration of metal in the aquatic weed signifies the biomagnification that lead to filtration of metallic ions from polluted water. The concept that E. crassipes can be used as a natural aquatic treatment system in the uptake of heavy metals is explored.     

CHemical and Biological Assessment of an Urban, Estuarine marsh in Northeastern New Jersey USA

Oritani Marsh in the Hackensack Meadowlands of urbanized northeastern New Jersey USA was assessed in 2000 for vegetation, soil/sediment chemistry, abundance/diversity of benthic invertebrates, and bird and mammal usage. Vegetatively, both marsh and uplands are dominated by tall, dense Phragmites australis. Small patches (less than 2 hectares total) dominated by Spartina spp. were found at the lowest elevations. Soil/sediment cores were sliced into 5 intervals and analyzed for metals, pesticides and volatile/semivolatile organic compounds. Thirteen locations had at least one chemical above Long et al.’s [Environmental Management, 19, 1995, 81--97] “Effects Range-Median” (ERM). Seven metals and nine organics exceeded ERM in at least one sample, with mercury showing the most exceedances. The surface 15 cm interval was generally more contaminated with metals than the 15 to 30 cm interval; the reverse was true for semivolatile organic compounds. Twenty taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates were collected, with each location producing from 1 to 9 taxa. Abundance ranged from 11 to 3,889 individuals/m². Number of taxa was moderately (r ² between 0.40 and 0.70) negatively correlated with zinc, beryllium, nickel and arsenic concentrations; no other chemical’s r ² was above 0.25. Diversity was moderately negatively correlated with arsenic and beryllium. These correlations were unexpected: zinc, beryllium, nickel and arsenic were not the chemicals found at the highest concentrations relative to benchmarks. Number of taxa, abundance and diversity were moderately (negatively) correlated with elevation; organic carbon was moderately (positively) correlated with abundance. All other correlations were weak (r ² < 0.35). Live traps captured only one mammal species, the meadow jumping mouse. Bird observations revealed 39 species, dominated by a few common species.     

长江沉积物中痕量氯代酚类化合物的测定

本文利用同位素稀释质谱法对长江南京段沉积物中１８种氯代酚进行了分离鉴定,结果表明,沉积物中ＣＰｓ的含量以五氯苯酚为主,     

Getting caught up in the game: managing non-formal dynamics in the remediation of contaminated sediments in Oslo harbor

This study aims at describing, analyzing and evaluating the relation between management styles and process dynamics of a complex planning process confronted with unexpected dynamics. The development of an aquatic disposal site for dredged contaminated sediments in Oslo was managed by a project management style focused on timely and cost-effective implementation. Coupling the remediation project with another infrastructural project and the actual construction of the site led to unexpected dynamics in terms of resistance and controversy. Project management had difficulties in adjusting its style accordingly, resulting in even more delay and resistance. Managing complex planning projects requires a style suitable to the characteristics of the project and the capability of adjusting it to changing circumstances. The paper concludes with some explanations why it is difficult to change management styles in complex planning and implementation processes and complexity-embracing approaches to deal with this.     

对苯二甲酸降解菌固定化生物流化床处理精对苯二甲酸废水

采用微生物筛选、纯化技术,获得了降解对苯二甲酸（TA）的YPC—TA1,YPC—TA2,YPC-TA3,YPC—TA44株菌株。将筛选出的TA降解菌固定化,处理初始TA质量浓度为2650mg／L的模拟废水,降解36h后TA去除率达100％。用TA降解芮在生物流化床反应器中处理PTA废水,最佳容积负荷为6.7kg／（m^3·d）。生物流化床反应器可在容积负荷为6．0～6．5kg／（m^3·d）的较佳条件下长周期稳定运行,COD去除率保持在91％左右,TA去除率保持在94％左右。低pH废水冲击和高容积负荷废水冲击时COD,TA去除率均明显下降,恢复正常讲水后3～4d,COD,TA去除率均恢复正常。     

反硝化条件下有机碳低丰度河床沉积层中的苯胺降解

采集渭河河床沉积物,研究了反硝化条件下有机碳低丰度的河床沉积层中苯胺降解.结果表明,反硝化条件下,苯胺在有机碳低丰度的河床沉积层中可生物降解.使该环境中苯胺(约50 mg/L)降解近95%,当硝酸盐为30.69、184.16、245.54 mg/L时,降解时间分别约为20、45、70 d.在上述环境中另加35.98 mg/L乙酸盐后,苯胺降解速度在硝酸盐为184.16 mg/L时最大,硝酸盐为30.69 mg/L时最小.当硝酸盐为30.69 mg/L,不加乙酸盐,27 d苯胺降解约95%;添加35.98 mg/L乙酸盐后,实验进行了47 d还仍有近13 mg/L苯胺残留,说明外加碳源(乙酸盐)对苯胺降解具有抑制作用.但当硝酸盐为184.16、245.54 mg/L时,外加碳源(乙酸盐)则强化苯胺降解.水合金属氧化物对苯胺降解具有促进作用.