Evaluating surrogates of genetic diversity for conservation planning

Protected-area systems should conserve intraspecific genetic diversity. Because genetic data require resources to obtain, several approaches have been proposed for generating plans for protected-area systems (prioritizations) when genetic data are not available. Yet such surrogate-based approaches remain poorly tested. We evaluated the effectiveness of potential surrogate-based approaches based on microsatellite genetic data collected across the Iberian Peninsula for 7 amphibian and 3 reptilian species. Long-term environmental suitability did not effectively represent sites containing high genetic diversity (allelic richness). Prioritizations based on long-term environmental suitability had similar performance to random prioritizations. Geographic distances and resistance distances based on contemporary environmental suitability were not always effective surrogates for identification of combinations of sites that contain individuals with different genetic compositions. Our results demonstrate that population genetic data based on commonly used neutral markers can inform prioritizations, and we could not find an adequate substitute. Conservation planners need to weigh the potential benefits of genetic data against their acquisition costs.     

不同地区土壤古菌群落对重金属污染的响应

为探讨农田土壤古菌群落结构与构建机制对不同类型重金属污染的响应特征及影响因素,采集高地质背景区、涉重金属企业和工矿区周边农田土壤样品,通过高通量测序,结合土壤理化性质,对土壤古菌群落组成及构建机制进行研究.结果表明,本研究区域内农田土壤重金属空间异质性高,镉污染较广泛,除工矿区部分土壤样本存在强生态风险,其他样本存在轻微的潜在生态风险.不同地区古菌群落结构差异较大,泉古菌门（Crenarchaeota）为优势菌门,占比62.7%~98.3%,其次为Halobacterota （1.1%~23.2%）.环境因子中,土壤有机质含量、pH、砷和铅含量与古菌群落显著相关（P<0.05）,是古菌群落结构差异的主要驱动因子.零模型分析表明本研究古菌群落在系统发育上聚集,确定性过程驱动古菌群落构建,有机质和pH等环境因子的异质选择作用主导古菌群落形成.因此,环境过滤的确定性作用最终驱动本研究古菌群落构建,环境异质性导致了古菌群落多样性和空间异质性,从而增强古菌抵御环境胁迫的能力,利于农田生态系统功能的稳定性和可持续性.     

基于三角模糊熵-理想点法的LNG接收站选址评价模型研究

为了对LNG接收站选址进行科学评价,综合考虑了环境、政策、交通及经济4方面因素,选取自然条件、安全性及城市发展规划等14个指标作为LNG接收站选址评价指标体系;结合三角模糊熵组合赋权法确定评价指标权重,根据理想点法原理计算理想点贴近度,得到LNG接收站选址评价结果;构建了基于三角模糊熵-理想点法的评价模型,并进行评价模型实例应用。实例应用结果表明:该评价模型的评价结果与LNG接收站选址论证单位的比选结果相一致,验证了该评价模型的可行性和合理性以及评价方法的有效性。该方法为LNG接收站选址评价提供了1种新的思路。     

基于归一化的地震灾区道路危险性综合评价

道路选择问题是地震灾后应急救援必须解决的问题之一.为了对救援道路进行合理的选择,需要对灾区道路危险性进行综合评价.现有的综合评价中较少考虑归一化方法的选取对评价结果的影响,该文使用EM(Entropy Method)改进TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarit...     

煤气爆炸危险场所防爆电气设备选型

介绍了煤气爆炸危险场所的区域划分,说明了电气设备的防爆标志包括防爆型式、类别、级别和温度组别4个部分,对煤气场所防爆电气设备进行了选型,以防止电气火花的形成,减小煤气生产场所的爆炸危险.     

区域开发环境影响评价中环境承载力指标的选取

在概述当前环境承载力指标体系的基础上,分析区域开发环境影响评价中环境承裁力指标选取时存在的问题,探讨环境承载力指标合理选取的一般原则和方法,并以贵阳市小河区金竹片区为例,介绍了区域环境承载力指标的选取过程。指出今后环境承载力指标体系研究要注意指标的科学意义、规范化、实用性、体现区域特性、自动化筛选技术发展等方面问题。该成果可为区域环境承载力分析奠定基础,同时也可为区域开发环境影响评价、环境规划和环境管理提供科学参考。     

龙凤山本底站大气CO2数据筛分及浓度特征研究

针对黑龙江龙凤山区域大气本底站2009年1月～2011年12月低层(离地10 m)和高层(离地80 m)大气CO2在线观测数据,选取低层数据重点开展研究,分析地面风向和风速等因素对观测CO2浓度的影响.结果表明,龙凤山低层大气CO2浓度明显受局地源汇影响,其与高层观测结果差异在白天08:00～17:00相对较小,小于(0.5±0.5)×10-6(物质的量比).春、夏和秋这3个季节E-ESE-SE-SSE扇区来向的地面风会明显抬升大气CO2浓度,而冬季N-NNW-NW-WNW扇区CO2浓度明显较高.该站4个季节近地面CO2浓度随着风速增大而逐渐减小,在冬季尤为明显.结合日变化及地面风的影响,对低层观测数据进行初步本底/非本底筛分,筛选出代表东北区域混合均匀CO2水平的本底数据占总数据的30.7%.本底CO2浓度季节变化显示该站大气CO2浓度呈现冬季高夏季低的趋势,季振幅约为(36.3±1.4)×10-6,明显大于同期WMO/GAW同纬度站点观测结果,2009～2011年龙凤山大气CO2平均增长率为2.4×10-6a-1.     

The ecological basis for simulating phytoplankton responses to environmental change (PROTECH)

The theory and mathematical development of a model, called PROTECH, are presented. The model simulates the dynamic responses of up to eight species of phytoplankton to environmental variability in lakes and reservoirs. PROTECH models were developed originally to fulfil a commercial, decision-support role in the management of industrial water quality, where plankton growth is an issue. The progressive refinements to the model nevertheless have a robust ecological basis. This makes PROTECH a promising tool for researching plankton community ecology. The model calculates exponents describing growth and attrition, from a base of the maximum growth rates of algal species in culture. Subject to defined thresholds, growth integrates variability in the fluxes of light and nutrients. The paper develops this philosophy and its embodiment into the structure of the model. Examples of its authenticated, validated and sensitivity-tested outputs are presented.     

我国城市污水厂污泥处置途径的选择

分析了我国城市污水厂的污泥特性，结合当前的污染处置技术及其发展趋势，根据国情，提出了近期以及农用为主，填埋，焚烧为补以，面向未来的污泥处置的技术。     

构建我国环境责任保险模式的理性思考

环境责任保险是通过责任风险社会化解决环境污染损害赔偿问题的有效方式之一.通过借鉴其他国家的经验,分析这一制度在我国实际实行的困境和原因,提出一个符合国情的环境责任保险模式架构.