准好氧填埋结构填埋气的空间变异性研究

建立了准好氧填埋模拟装置,对其中心剖面内的填埋气进行网格采样.采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,研究了剖面内ψ(CH₄)和ψ(CO₂)的空间分布及其变异性.结果表明:ψ(CH₄)和ψ(CO₂)的变异系数分别为0.64和O.30;剖面内从上到下ψ(CH₄)和ψ(CO₂)呈上升趋势,其空间分布均表现出较大的变异性和较强的空间自相关性,且呈各向异性变化,即竖直方向填埋气空间变异性和自相关性均强于水平方向;ψ(CH₄)的空间分布变化比ψ(CO₂)更易受填埋场结构的影响,其空间变异性和自相关性均大于ψ(CO₂).      

大型填埋场垃圾降解规律研究

在上海市老港垃圾填埋场建造了一座面积为3000m^2，高度为4m，内填生活垃圾10800t的小型卫生填埋场。对该卫生填埋场进行了40个月的监测，分析了垃圾中的总糖、总炭、挥发性物质和有机碳、生物可降解物含量（BDM）、粗纤维含量与填埋时间的关系。同时，也对1991年至1994每年4月份的填埋单元垃圾组成了分析。通过数学聚合，预测了填埋单元封场后的若干年内垃圾组成，对填埋场稳定化程度和垃圾矿化程度进行了判断。结果表明，该场的稳定化时间大约为22－23年，届时，该场的垃圾基本上达到无害化和稳定化，绝大部分可降解的有机物得到充分降解。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液回流技术的研究

垃圾填埋场产生大量渗滤液,而一般渗滤液中含有很高浓度的有机物,特别是填埋场的初滤水COD_cr浓度可高达8×104mg/L,BOD₅浓度可高达5×104mg/L。因此,渗滤液必须得到处理。渗滤液回流可以利用垃圾填埋层中大量繁殖的微生物分解其中的有机物,使渗滤液得 到净化;同时利用回流控制填埋层含水量,加快有机物分解,提高沼气产生量。通过实验初步得出:渗滤液回流可以将渗滤液中有机物浓度大 大降低,COD_cr去除率最高可以达到95%以上,在半好氧状态下NH₃-N浓度可以降到10mg/L以下;沼气产生速率大大高于未回流的填埋层;同时填埋层渗滤液中有机物浓度大大降低。      

准好氧填埋工艺陈腐垃圾的理化特性变化规律

针对准好氧填埋工艺,研究了实际填埋场1~5年陈腐垃圾的含水率、有机质和腐殖质等理化特性动态变化规律。结果表明,垃圾含水率、电导率、有机质均随着填埋时间的增加呈现明显的降低趋势,且导气管附近垃圾样品(0 m)垃圾含水率、有机质降低速度相对较快,在填埋3年后含水率达到相对稳定的状态,有机质含量的降低主要发生在填埋处置的第2年;垃圾pH值、腐殖质提取率和富里酸含量呈现明显升高的趋势,且距离导气管较远垃圾样品(15 m)pH值升高速度相对较快,在填埋1年左右存在明显的酸化阶段;胡敏酸含量和HA/FA比则呈现出前期升高后期降低的趋势,其中导气管附近垃圾样品(0 m)的变化明显快于距离导气管较远(15 m)的垃圾。     

兰州地区垃圾填埋场黄土腾发盖层降水入渗模拟

在半干旱地区,利用腾发盖层代替传统盖层,在相同的防渗效果下可以减少垃圾填埋场设计过度造成的浪费。以兰州地区为例,实验测试得到兰州黄土的土水特征曲线,求得田间持水量和萎蔫含水量;结合兰州地区2007—2008年气象资料,利用Hydrus-1D软件,模拟了透过盖层的降水入渗量,分析了黄土盖层替代传统盖层的可行性。研究结果显示,31 cm厚的黄土盖层理论上可以满足阻止降水入渗的要求,与传统盖层相比,具有成本低、施工简单的优点。     

Fenton法处理中年垃圾渗滤液双氧水利用率及处理效率

采用Fenton法氧化处理中年垃圾渗滤液生化出水,对影响双氧水利用率及CODCr去除率的各种因素,进行了研究。结果表明:Fenton法氧化处理中年垃圾渗滤液生化出水的最佳初始pH值为7,H2O2/Fe2+为4∶1,双氧水的经济投加量为0.05 mol/L,反应时间为3.5 h,混合催化剂可提高双氧水的利用率。CODCr去除率可达80.5%,双氧水利用率为153.9%,处理出水可达到垃圾渗滤液的二级排放标准。     

垃圾渗滤液配水对UASB-ANAMMOX反应器进行二次启动的研究

通过温度和进水控制对UASB-ANAMMOX反应器内的ANAMMOX菌的反应活性进行充分抑制后,采用垃圾渗滤液配水来进行二次启动.结果表明,二次启动的时间相对较快,在第21 d的 NH^＋₄-N的去除率就可以达到96 .17%,NO^-_２-Ｎ的去除率达到86 .77%;由于反硝化的协同作用降低使得COD的去除率有下降的趋势,平均去除量只有60 mg/Ｌ; 反应启动过程中的平均三氮比即去除的NH^＋₄-N∶去除的NO^-_２-Ｎ∶生成的NO^-_３-Ｎ=1∶0 .75∶0 .26; 反应成功进行二次启动后的平均三氮比即去除的NH^＋₄-N∶去除的NO^-_２-Ｎ∶生成的NO^-_３-Ｎ=1∶0 .95∶0 .26,三氮比中的亚硝氮去除比率较大幅度上升.     

Non-controlled biogenic emissions to the atmosphere from Lazareto landfill, Tenerife, Canary Islands

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: [corrected] Historically, landfills have been the simplest form of eliminating urban solid waste with the minimum cost. They have been the most usual method for discarding solid waste. However, landfills are considered authentic biochemical reactors that introduce large amounts of contaminants into the environment in the form of gas and leachates. The dynamics of generation and the movement of gas in landfills depend on the input and output parameters, as well as on the structure of the landfill and the kind of waste. The input parameters include water introduced through natural or artificial processes, the characteristics of the urban solid waste, and the input of atmospheric air. The main output parameters for these biochemical reactors include the gases and the leachates that are potentially pollutants for the environment. Control systems are designed and installed to minimize the impact on the environment. However, these systems are not perfect and a significant amount of landfill gas could be released to the atmosphere through the surface in a diffuse form, also known as Non-controlled emission. In this paper, the results of the Non-controlled biogenic gas emissions from the Lazareto landfill in Tenerife, Canary Islands, are presented. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration of CH4 and CO2 in the soil gas of the landfill cover, the CH4 and CO2 efflux from the surface of the landfill and, finally, to compare these parameters with other similar landfills. In this way, a better understanding of the process that controls biogenic gas emissions in landfills is expected. METHODS: A Non-controlled biogenic gas emission survey of 281 sampling sites was carried out during February and March, 2002. The sampling sites were selected in order to obtain a well-distributed sampling grid. Surface landfill CO2 efflux measurements were carried out at each sampling site on the surface landfill together with soil gas collection and ground temperatures at a depth of 30-40 cm.The CH4 efflux was computed from CO2 efflux and from the ratio CH4/CO2 in the soil gas. Soil gas samples were collected at a depth of 30-40 cm using a metallic probe and 20 cc hypodermic syringes, and later stored in evacuated 10 cc vacutainers for laboratory analysis of bulk composition. The gas sample was introduced in a vacutainer filled with deionized water and displacing the water until the vacutainer was filled with the gas sample in order to avoid air contamination from entering. The surface landfill temperature of the landfill was measured at a depth of 40 cm using a digital thermometer type OMEGA 871A. Landfill gases, CO2 and CH4, were analyzed within 24 hours using a double channel VARIAN micro-GC QUAD CP-2002P, with a 10 meter PORAPLOT-Q column, a TCD detector, and He as a carrier gas. The analysis temperature was 40 degrees C and the injection time was 10 msec. Surface landfill CO2 efflux measurements were performed using a portable NDIR spectrophotometer Licor-800 according to the accumulation chamber method (Chiodini et al. 1996). The data treatment, aimed at drawing the flux map and computing the total gas output, was based on the application of stochastic simulation algorithms provided by the GSLIB program (Deutsch and Journel 1998). RESULTS: Diffuse CH4 and CO2 efflux values range from negligible values up to 7,148 and 30,573 g m(-2) d(-1), respectively. The spatial distribution of the concentration and efflux of CO2, CH4 and soil temperature, show three areas of maximum activity in the landfill, suggesting a non-uniform pattern of diffuse degassing. This correlation between high emissions and concentration of CO2, CH4 and soil temperatures suggests that the areas of higher microbial activity and exothermic reactions are releasing CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere from the landfill. Taking into consideration the spatial distribution of the CO2 and CH4 efflux values as well as the extension of the landfill, the Non-controlled emission of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere by the Lazareto's landfill are of 167 +/- 13.3 and 16 +/- 2.5 t d(-1), respectively. DISCUSSION: The patterns of gas flow within the landfill seem to be affected by boundary materials at the sides. The basalt layers have a low permeability and the gas flow in these areas is extensive. In this area, where a basalt layer does not exist, the flow gas diffuses toward the sea and the flux emissions at the landfill surface are lower. This behavior reflects the possible dissolution of gases into water and the deflection of gases towards the surface at the basalt boundary. The proximity to the sea, the installation of a palm tree garden and, as a result, the contribution of water coming from the watering of this garden has reactivated the system. The introduction of sea water into the landfill and the type of boundary could be defining the superficial gas discharges. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study indicate that the spatial distribution of Non-controlled emission of CO2 and CH4 at the Lazareto's landfill shows a non-uniform pattern of diffuse degassing. The northeast, central and northwest areas of the Lazareto's landfill are the three areas of high emissions and concentration of CO2 and CH4, and high temperatures. The correlation between high emissions and the concentration of CO2, CH4, and the high temperatures suggest that the areas of higher microbial activity and exothermic reactions are releasing more CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere from the landfill. A high concentration of CO2 is probably due to the presence of methanotrophic bacteria in the soil atmosphere of the landfill. Patterns of gas flow within the landfill seem to be affected by boundary materials (basalt layers) of low permeability, and side boundaries of the flux emissions at the surface are higher. At the sides of seawater and sediment boundaries, flux emissions at the landfill surface are lower. This behavior reflects a possible dissolution of gases into the water and the deflection of gases towards the surface at the basalt boundary. With this study, we can compare the data obtained in this landfill with other landfills and observe the different levels of emission. The proximity to the sea and the installation of the palm tree garden palms and, as a result, the contribution of water coming from the watering of this garden has reactivated the system. Many landfills worldwide located in similar settings could experience similar gas production processes. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The need for investigating and monitoring sea water and sediment quality in these landfills is advisable. Concentrations and fluxes of contaminants and their impact in the area should be assessed. With this study we can compare the data obtained in these landfills with other landfills and observe the different levels of emission.     

Performance of bioreactor landfill with waste mined from a dumpsite

Emissions from landfills via leachate and gas are influenced by state and stability of the organic matter in the solid waste and the environmental conditions within the landfill. This paper describes a modified, ecologically sound waste treatment technique, where municipal solid waste is anaerobically treated in a lysimeter-scale landfill bioreactor with leachate recirculation to enhance organic degradation. The results demonstrate a substantial decrease in organic matter (BOD 99%, COD 88% and TOC 81%) and a clear decrease in nutrient concentrations especially ammonia (85%) over a period of 1 year with leachate recirculation.     

催化臭氧氧化去除垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物的研究

研究了Fe(Ⅱ),Mn(Ⅱ),Cu(Ⅱ)作用下,均相催化臭氧氧化去除垃圾渗滤液中高浓度的腐殖质.分析催化剂用量、溶液pH值对腐殖质催化臭氧氧化降解的影响.结果表明,与单纯臭氧氧化比较,催化臭氧氧化对UV254和色度去除率无明显改善,但可明显提高以TOC和CODCr表征的有机物去除率;当投加催化剂过量时,以TOC和CODCr表征的有机物去除率虽降低,但仍有促进作用.但Fe2 的过量投加将明显抑制UV254和色度的去除效果.在碱性条件下,催化臭氧氧化法具有更好的去除效果.三种催化剂催化效果为Cu(Ⅱ)＞Mn(Ⅱ)＞Fe(Ⅱ).采用Cu(Ⅱ)催化臭氧氧化处理实际渗滤液生化处理出水,对CODCr,色度和UV254都显示出较好的去除效果.