Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)

Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time.     

甲黄隆在有机溶剂中的光解

以中压汞灯为光源,研究了甲黄隆在甲醇和丙酮等有机溶剂中的光解动力学,结果表明均为一级反应。甲黄隆在甲醇中的光解速率与在水中相差不大,而丙酮可明显促进其光解。甲黄隆在甲醇中光解先断裂脲桥,生成磺酰胺和取代三嗪,磺酰胺继续光解生成苯甲酸甲酯和微量的硫酚。     

多环芳烃蒽、屈在水体中的光解动力学模拟研究

研究了紫外光和太阳光下蒽、在甲醇一水溶液中的光分解反应结果表明,水中较低浓度葱、的光解表观上呈一级反应动力学规律,微观上是二级反应的加和蒽和的光解速率常数随着温度升高、光照距离减小及水中溶解氧增加而增大,但与水中急和宏的初始浓度无关黄浦江沉积物作为悬浮物加入后蒽和的光解效率下降对蒽和光解速率的比较分析表明,多环芳烃光解速率常数与受光解物质的结构特性有关     

Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)

Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time.     

水中四环素类化合物在不同光源下的光降解

研究了模拟太阳光和实际室外太阳光下四环素类化合物在水溶液中的光降解。结果表明,四环素类化合物(TCs)在模拟太阳光照射下均能发生直接光降解,且其降解速率随pH不同变化很大。四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)、金霉素(CTC)和多西环素(DTC)的光降解速率随溶液pH升高明显加快,而米诺环素(MTC)在水中的光降解速率随溶液pH升高略有下降。天然水体pH范围内,模拟太阳光照下四环素类化合物表观光降解速率常数在0.004～0.026 min-1范围内,降解半衰期在26～136 min范围内。在室外实际太阳光照下,四环素类化合物光降解反应速率与太阳光强成正比例关系。晴朗无云天气下,四环素类化合物降解半衰期在春冬季节较长、夏季节较短;四环素在东江实际水体中表观光降解速率很快,在冬季晴天天气下,其平均半衰期仅为8.2 min。     

高强紫外球形灯光解氧化硫化氢气体

提出了采用可产臭氧的高强球形紫外灯光解氧化硫化氢气体。考察了硫化氢初始浓度、湿度、含氧量、停留时间对硫化氢去除效率的影响。实验结果表明,硫化氢浓度在低浓度范围内,对硫化氢的去除效率可以达到99％以上。反应体系内气体湿度比含氧量对硫化氢的去除效率的影响更明显。气体湿度控制在45％～60％和反应停留时间控制在6～10s范围内为最佳。高强紫外球形灯处理硫化氢过程分别存在直接光解和臭氧氧化作用及两者的协同作用。     

利用UVC去除低浓度丁烷的实验研究

探讨了不同实验参数对丁烷在UVC下去除效果的影响,获得了丁烷的去除率与丁烷的初始浓度、气体流量、相对湿度、氧气含量等参数之间的关系。数据表明：在实验条件范围内,丁烷的去除率随其初始浓度和气体流量增大而减小;丁烷的去除率随相对湿度的增加呈现先快速升高后缓慢降低的关系,最佳相对湿度值在40%～60%之间;丁烷的去除率随氧气...     

The environmental fate of thymol,a novel botanical pesticide,in tropical agricultural soil and water

In this study, the environmental fate of thymol, including hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis, soil sorption and soil degradation, was studied under conditions that simulated the tropical agricultural environment. This study was undertaken to supply basic information for evaluating the environmental risks of applying this new botanical pesticide to tropical crop production. The results showed that the hydrolysis of thymol was pH-dependent and accelerated by acidic conditions and high temperatures. However, the hydrolysis rate was far lower than the aqueous photolysis rate, indicating that direct photolysis is an important dissipation pathway for thymol in water. The sorption of thymol by three tropical soils was consistently well described by the Freundlich model, and the sorption coefficients increased in the order sandy soil < loamy soil < clay soil, a characterization that depended on the organic carbon contents of the soil. The soil degradation rate of thymol decreased in the order sandy soil > loamy soil > clay soil, which has a negative correlation with the sorption of thymol in soils. We concluded that the degradation rates of thymol in tropical soil and water are fast: thymol in water is photodegraded (50%) by sunlight within 28 h, and the thymol in soils is degraded (50%) within 8.4 d. Therefore, the environmental risk to the surrounding soils and water of thymol application for tropical crop production is low.     

降解偶氮染料AO7的研究：动力学及反应途径

紫外光分解过硫酸盐(S2O2-8)是一种新型的高级氧化技术,可以产生强氧化性的硫酸根自由基(SO-4).以偶氮染料AO7为目标污染物,重点研究了反应体系氧化剂K2S2O8浓度、溶液初始pH值和无机阴离子(H2PO-4、HCO-3、NO-3和Cl-)对反应体系的影响.结果表明,AO7的降解遵循准一级动力学,当AO7初始浓度为0.14 mmol/L时,最佳的氧化剂K2S2O8与污染物AO7的摩尔比为20.pH值对UV/K2S2O8体系降解AO7的反应速率影响较大,增大pH有利于SO-4转化为·OH.溶液中的无机离子对反应体系有一定的抑制作用.采用GC/MS分析了UV/K2S2O8体系降解AO7的主要中间产物(萘酚、1,2-苯并吡喃酮、邻苯二甲酸),并根据中间产物的分析推测了降解途径.