UV-vis光照下唑类抗菌药氟康唑的光化学反应类型

以唑类抗菌药氟康唑为模型化合物,考察了其在纯水中的光降解动力学和光化学反应类型,发现模拟日光(λ>290nm)照射下氟康唑未发生光解,在UV-vis(λ>200 nm)光照下,氟康唑发生了光降解并服从准一级反应动力学.采用活性氧物种猝灭实验和竞争动力学方法,研究发现氟康唑发生了直接光解和·OH参与的自敏化光解,氟康唑与.OH的反应速率常数为(5.95±0.58)×109L·(mol·s)-1,表层水体中相应的半减期为(32.41±3.16)h·通过鉴定光解产物,得知氟康唑发生了脱氟、光致水解、光氧化等光化学反应.     

不同生物质燃烧排放多环芳烃及糖醇类化合物的模拟研究

选择水稻、小麦、玉米及棉花秸秆与马尾松枝,采集模拟燃烧时排放的PM2.5,分析PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)和糖醇类化合物的含量,获得PM2.5及负载的两类化合物的排放因子;采用500 W汞灯直接照射收集了PM2.5的尘膜,获得了中、高环PAHs及左旋葡聚糖的光解动力学.结果表明,PM2.5的排放因子介于(2.26±0.60)g·kg-1(马尾松枝)~(14.33±5.26)g·kg-1(玉米秸秆)之间;19种PAHs的排放因子介于(0.82±0.21)mg·kg-1(马尾松枝)~(11.14±5.69)mg·kg-1(棉花秸秆)之间,且以4环类PAHs所占比例最高,介于51%~71%之间(其中马尾松枝燃烧时惹烯的排放因子最大);9种糖醇类化合物的排放因子范围为(52.34±50.16)mg·kg-1(水稻秸秆)~(238.81±33.62)mg·kg-1(小麦秸秆),且都以左旋葡聚糖占绝对优势(72%~96%).光照模拟显示,目标化合物的光照损失都遵循拟一级动力学,其中≥4环的PAHs的光解速率常数随着尘膜中PAHs的负载量增大而减小,来源特征比值Flua/(Flua+Py)和Ip/(Ip+Bg P)相对稳定,而左旋葡聚糖的光解速率常数为0.004 5 min-1,与苯并[a]蒽的光解速率常数(0.004 1~0.005 0 min-1)接近.     

基于DFT计算和实验研究无机氮对水中萘普生及其产物光解的影响

萘普生(NP)是一种广泛使用的消炎镇痛类药.本文研究了水中不同形态无机氮对萘普生及其两种重要的光解中间产物NP_1和NP_2光降解的影响.结果表明,NH~+_4对于NP及产物的光解几乎没有影响,NO~-_2和NO~-_3对NP、NP_1和NP_2的光解均表现出抑制作用.NO~-_2和NO~-_3对NP的影响主要是光屏蔽效应,而对NP_1和NP_2光解影响的主导因素是由光化学环境中产生的·NO、·NO_2同·OH的竞争关系造成的间接抑制.光化学环境中·OH、·NO_2、·NO氧化NP_1和NP_2的化学反应活化能垒呈现上升趋势(NP_1:7.0、21.2、54.4 kcal·mol~(-1);NP_2:34.5、47.1、70.3 kcal·mol~(-1)).活化能垒的差异表明,光化学反应体系中生成的·NO_2和·NO将会导致反应速率下降,这也诠释了NO~-_2和NO~-_3对NP_1和NP_2光解抑制的差异性.     

水溶液中2,4-二氯苯酚的光降解研究

研究不同光源下2,4 二氯苯酚直接光解,以及水溶液中Fe(Ⅲ) OH络合物对2,4 二氯苯酚光解的影响,并考虑了光强、浓度、pH值等一些影响因素。     

绿麦隆在水溶液中光降解动力学研究

以低功率紫外灯和荧光灯为光源对水溶液中的绿麦隆进行光降解，探讨了光解的影响因素．研究表明，绿麦隆在紫外光照下较易降解，其光解符合准一级动力学方程，反应速率常数为２３×１０－２ｍｉｎ－１；在水环境中经长期光照会逐渐矿化为Ｃｌ－、ＣＯ２、ＮＯ－３等无机离子；运用ＧＣ／ＭＳ技术鉴定了绿麦隆的几种光解中间产物，异氰酸（３氯—４甲基）—苯酚酯是主要中间体，并推测了绿麦隆的光解反应历程．     

溴氟菊酯的光解、水解与土壤降解

在实验室测定了溴氟菊酯的光解、不同ｐＨ条件下的水解以及在太湖水稻土、江西红壤与东北黑土等３种不同土壤中的降解。试验结果表明：在３００Ｗ低压汞灯下，溴氟菊酯的水相溶液与其石油醚相济液中的光解均呈二级反应动力学方程，光解半衰期分别为１３．７与９．４ｍｉｎ；在ｐＨ为５，７，９的缓冲溶液中其水解半衰期分别为１５．６，８．３与４．２ｄ；在３种不同土壤中的降解半衰期为４．８～８．８ｄ。     

农药在玻璃表面与正己烷中的光解速率

本文通过测定14种农药在正已烷中和在玻璃表面的光解速率,探讨反应介质对光反应速率的影响,七种拟除虫菊酯农药中,具有α-氰基的五种农药的光解速率明显快于结构上不含α-氰基的二氯苯醚菊酯和联苯菊酯;七种有机磷农药中,具有较大共轭体系的农药光解速率较快,农药在正已烷中与在玻璃表面的光解速率常数之间存在高度相关关系(γ=0.991,n=12),两套数据间的定量关系为y=-3.07×10~(-4)+1.67x。     

灭幼脲（Ⅲ）在甲醇中的光解作用

本文研究了灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中的光解作用。以氮气和氧气作饱和气体时,灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中的光化学反应均表现为一级动力学形式,其速率常数分别为0.118h~(-1)和0.129h~(-1);当光强为0.50和0.62cal/cm~2·min时,其半衰期分别为5.37和4.42h;灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中光解的主要产物包括:邻氯苯甲酰胺,N-苯基氨基甲酸甲酯,N-(对氯苯基)氨基甲酸甲酯以及对氯苯基脲等。本文还对灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中的光化学反应机理作了初步探讨。     

新农药环境化学行为研究(Ⅶ)除草剂哌草丹(Dimepiperate)在土壤、水环境中的滞留、转化

研究了除草剂哌草丹在土壤、水环境中的吸附、脱附、水解及光解过程.结果指出:哌草丹在土壤上的吸附主要受土壤有机质的影响,粘土矿也有一定作用.吸附和脱附均可用Freundlich方程描述;根据降解产物推测了哌草丹的水解和光降解的机理,哌草丹的水解产物为2-苯基丙烯和六氢吡啶等,六氢吡啶可与土壤粘土矿(蒙脱石)作用,并与蒙脱石层间阳离子形成配合物;哌草丹光降解的产物为六氢吡啶、苯乙酮和甲醛.     

Sensitized photooxygenation of the fungicide furalaxyl

BACKGROUND: The photolysis of pesticides is of high current interest since light is one of the most important abiotic factors which are responsible for the environmental fate of these substances and may induce their conversion into noxious products. The action of light can also be mediated by oxygen and synthetic or naturally occurring substances which act as sensitizers. Our objective in this study was to investigate the photochemical behaviour of the systemic fungicide furalaxyl in the presence of oxygen and various sensitizers, and to compare the toxicity of the main photoproduct(s) to that of the parent compound. Previous reports on the direct photolysis of the pesticide demonstrated a very slow degradation and the only identified photoproducts were N-2,6-xylyl-D,L-alaninare and 2,6-dimethylaniline. METHODS: Solutions of furalaxyl in CH3CN were photooxygenate using a 500W high-pressure mercury lamp (through a Pyrex glass filter, lambda>300 nm) or a 650W halogen lamp or sunlight and the proper sensitizer. When sunlight was used, aqueous solutions were employed. The photodegradation was checked by NMR and/or GC-MS. The photoproducts were spectroscopically evidenced and, when possible, isolated chromatographically. Acute toxicity tests were performed on the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, the crustacean cladoceran Daphnia magna and the anostracan Thamnocephalus platyurus, while chronic toxicity tests (sublethal endpoints) comprised a producer, the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia, as a consumer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In the presence of both oxygen and sensitizer, furalaxyl underwent rapid photochemical transformations mainly to N-disubstituted formamide, maleic anhydride and a 2(5H)-furanone derivative. The formation of these products was rationalized in terms of a furan endoperoxide intermediate derived from the reaction of furalaxyl with active dioxygenated species (singlet oxygen, superoxide anion or ground state oxygen). The 2(5H)-furanone exhibited a higher toxicity than the parent compound. CONCLUSION: This work reports the first data on the photosensitized oxygenation of furalaxyl with evidence of the high tendency of the pesticide to undergo photodegradation under these conditions leading, among other things, to a 2(5H)-furanone, which is more toxic than the starting furalaxyl towards aquatic organisms. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Investigation highlights that the photolytic fate of a pesticide, although quite stable to direct photoreaction due to its low absorption of solar radiation at ground level, can be significantly influenced in the environment by the presence of substances with energy or electron-transfer properties as natural dyes, e.g. chlorophyll, or synthetic pollutants, e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).