小型丙烷储罐的泄漏爆炸事故

描述了一起丙烷泄漏爆炸事故的经过,分析了事故的设备原因和人员原因,提出了问题和建议。     

大型储油罐浮舱检查器的研制

介绍了研制开发的油罐浮舱检查器的结构及试验情况,试验表明采用油罐浮舱检查器进行大型储油罐的浮舱检查,既提高了工作效率,又可避免人员中毒等事故的发生。     

Water-saving irrigation of paddy field to reduce nutrient runoff

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of a type of water-saving irrigation (WSI) on nutrient runo of paddy field. The volume of surface drainage was maintained low by WSI. In particular, WSI e ectively reduced surface drainage in rain events. Model simulation indicated that net runo load of total nitrogen (TN) from the paddy field was increased by WSI. Meanwhile, net runo loads of total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) from the paddy field was decreased by WSI. Because ponding waters of the study fields were enriched with TP and TOC, WSI reduced runo of these nutrients by controlling the volume of surface drainage. WSI could be considered an e cient method for reducing runo loads and could conserve water quality in an agricultural watershed.     

轻质油品铁路装车系统的改造

针对近年来企业轻质油品铁路装车系统改造过程中需要注意的几个问题进行了危害性分析,并提出了整改方案：栈台改造时要确保罐车与栈台边缘的距离满足安全间距;确保鹤管和罐车的准确对位;装车流速的控制即要考虑铁路部门不超过3h的要求,也要满足安全流速的要求;装车泵宜选用变频技术;不同油品的鹤管必须分开设置;装车前罐车内的残油和鹤管管线中的残油应进行回收处理;密封盖的选型应考虑密封面的形式和装车过程中车辆的下沉等因素;油气回收设施与栈台的距离不应超过800mm,油气回收主管线的直径可根据实际装车泵最大流量进行核算。     

涡旋絮凝气浮的理论及其应用研究

应用流体动力学和气浮原理 ,研究分析紊流条件下絮凝气浮的动力学致因 ,提出了涡旋絮凝气浮理论和方法。介绍了涡旋絮凝气浮池的工作原理及实际应用情况。     

油罐扬沸火灾防治模拟实验研究

分析扬沸火灾形成的3个基本物理条件,给出扬沸三角形的概念,提出通过破坏3个基本条件中任一条件来抑制扬沸火灾发生的构想。为解决其防治问题建立小尺度油罐扬沸火灾防治模拟实验台,用沸石和双列盘管式冷却法对扬沸火灾防治进行了实验研究;通过对比两种方法施加前后的油层、油水界面、水层温度和火焰辐射,发现双列盘管式冷却法和沸石能有效地抑制扬沸的形成和降低扬沸的危害程度。从机理上分析,小尺度油罐扬沸火灾的防治方法可为扬沸火灾的防治提供一定的理论依据。     

基于QRA角度评价LNG储罐类型的选择

为提高LNG储存的安全性,基于QRA(定量风险评价),利用应急危险定位分析软件分别进行了LNG中小型储罐及大型储槽泄漏事故分析和LNG带压储罐充注压力专项对比分析。结果表明:立式圆柱常压储罐应选择高径比接近于1的罐体而压力罐的选择受高径比的影响很小;当对常压储罐高度有要求时,球形罐是比立式圆柱罐更好的选择;在大型LNG储槽中,常压储槽自身压力很大,可以起到抑制BOG(蒸发气体)产生的作用;在饱和状态下,压力罐的充注压力并非越小越好,需进行针对性分析计算,选取最适合的充注与设计压力。掌握LNG储罐事故后果与罐体形状与类型之间的关系可加强并丰富对其储罐类型选择的认识,可较好的为提高其储存安全性提供数据支撑与理论基础。     

油罐区事故起因分析及预防对策

结合火灾统计数据,从罐区燃烧的形成因素、可能产生的点火源、消防安全管理等角度分析油罐区事故形成的原因,并探讨预防措施。     

Kinetic analysis for spontaneous combustion of sulfurized rust in oil tanks

In order to evaluate the spontaneous combustion hazards of sulfurized rust in oil tanks, one kind of rust was obtained from respiratory valve inner cavity of a crude oil tank in a petrochemical company. The rust was sulfurized in sulfuration experimental apparatus. The production was analyzed by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and then thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The EDS result shows that the main substances are FeS and FeS₂ which are liable to spontaneous combustion. The sulfurized rust gives a short length of side and diamond appearance, and a large pore size in structure based on X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The whole oxidation process has three complex stages. The corresponding apparent activation energy values, most probable mechanism functions and pre-exponential factor values were calculated by Madhusudanan–Krishnan–Ninan method and the master plot method. The results indicate that the first and third stages of mass loss are up to the power function mechanism, but the second stage accords with the nucleation and nucleus growth mechanism. The values of apparent activation energy increase successively from the first stage to the third stage. The second stage has the maximum pre-exponential factor value, while the first has the minimum. With the obtained parameters above, the oxidation process of sulfurised rust could be simulated, which would benefit for monitoring and early warning of oil tanks.     

液氯储罐瞬时泄漏扩散质量浓度分布规律与中毒后果评价

液氯储罐一旦发生泄漏,容易在大气中快速扩散,其扩散速度受到泄漏量、外界风速等条件的影响。为了研究不同风速和泄漏量对氯气扩散规律的影响,分别在泄漏量为2 kg、5 kg,外界风速为2 m/s、5 m/s的条件下,采用Fluent软件模拟了氯气储罐瞬时泄漏后氯气质量浓度随时间的分布规律,并结合氯气的致死浓度,对氯气扩散区域最大质量浓度分布及其毒性致命损伤进行了分析。结果表明,氯气扩散初期,云团浓度较高,重气效应比较明显,随时间增加云团逐渐增大。泄漏量越大,氯气的扩散速度和致死区范围越大,毒性致命损伤时间越短;风速越大,致死区的影响距离越大,但致死区的影响时间大幅度缩短,能有效降低氯气的中毒危害。