基于环境磁学响应监测林地土壤中金属元素

采集并测试广州市林地土壤样品600余组,分析土壤中As、Cr、Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni和磁学性质的相关性。结果表明：土壤磁性颗粒以软磁性矿物为主,北部以超顺磁、多畴颗粒为主,南部以单畴、多畴颗粒为主。相关性分析表明：北部Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd与较粗的磁性颗粒共存,Cd与软磁性矿物共存,As与超顺磁颗粒共存且为自然源;南部相关关系不显著,Ni和As来源为人为源;不同污染程度土壤回归方程相关系数均较好,南部深〖CD*2〗浅层回归方程证明上述8种元素和磁性相关性不受自然来源或人类活动影响。     

塔里木盆地北缘绿洲不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳组分特征及其与理化因子的相关性

开展绿洲连作棉田土壤有机碳组分研究,有助于阐明干旱区农田土壤有机碳稳定性机制在人地关系作用下变化特征.以塔里木盆地北缘阿拉尔垦区为研究区,以空间代替时间序列法分析了2、5、12、20和35 a等不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳的含量特征,结合冗余分析探讨了土壤有机碳组分与土壤其它理化因子（含水量、容重、pH值、全盐、全氮、有效磷和速效钾）的相互关系,结果表明：①不同年限的连作对研究区土壤有机碳组分含量具有显著影响,土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量整体表现为连作12、20和35 a棉田高于连作2 a、5 a棉田和荒草地,ω（土壤有机碳）在20 a棉田达到峰值（7.06g ·kg^-1）,高出荒草地76.91%,各土壤有机碳组分含量均随着土层的加深而下降.②基于对土壤有机碳组分含量与土壤其它理化因子的冗余分析结果表明,土壤有机碳组分含量与全氮、有效磷和含水量呈正相关关系,与pH值和容重呈负相关关系.土壤其它理化因子对土壤有机碳组分含量解释的重要性排序为：全氮>有效磷>pH值>容重>含水量>速效钾>全盐.     

Sheep's wool insulation: A sustainable alternative use for a renewable resource?

Material selection in manufacturing may be characterized as a series of trade-offs between characteristics, properties, environmental impacts, sustainability, availability, and economics. Societal concerns about the environmental impacts of construction practices and materials have been expressed through an increase in the demand, production and use of “green” building products. This, combined with a desire to integrate more bioproducts and natural and renewable resources into the construction industry, has extended to the production and promotion of insulation made from sheep's wool.Although substantial literature exists on the insulation properties and other benefits of wool, less is known about the economics and manufacturing processes of sheep's wool insulation at varying scales of production. This paper contributes to this field of enquiry through presentation of the preliminary results of a wool insulation manufacturing pilot project, in which the scale and economics of the production of sheep's wool insulation were considered. Processing techniques, the impact of sheep breed, yield, energy use, and manufacturing costs were also examined. The results of the pilot project indicate that, while sheep's wool insulation produced at a smaller, or artisanal scale shows some potential, scale of operation and volume of production need to be carefully considered in order to ensure long-term sustainability of the operation. Using the least expensive sheep's wool available for the manufacture of wool batt insulation (and thereby reducing production costs) did not, in this pilot study, have a negative impact on productivity or product performance. Diversion of this waste stream of currently less marketable, and consequently less valuable wool, into the production of a green building material may offer small but significant benefit to sheep producers and the broader agricultural community, as well as consumers.     

Revealing the characteristics of dissolved organic matter in urban runoff at three typical regions via optical indices and molecular composition

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a major role in ecological systems and influences the fate and transportation of many pollutants. Despite the significance of DOM, understanding of how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence its composition and characteristics is limited, especially in urban stormwater runoff. In this article, the chemical properties (pollutant loads, molecular weight, aromaticity, sources, and molecular composition) of DOM in stormwater extracted from three typical end-members (traffic, residential, and campus regions) were characterized by UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). There are three findings: (1) The basic properties of DOM in stormwater runoff varied obviously from three urban fields, and the effect of initial flush was also apparent. (2) The DOM in residential areas mainly came from autochthonous sources, while allochthonous sources primarily contributed to the DOM in traffic and campus areas. However, it was mainly composed of terrestrial humic-like components with CHO and CHON element composition and HULO and aliphatic formulas. (3) The parameters characterizing DOM were primarily related to terrestrial source and aromaticity, but their correlations varied. Through the combination of optical methods and UPLC-Q-TOF spectrometry, the optical and molecular characteristics of rainwater are effectively revealed, which may provide a solid foundation for the classification management of stormwater runoff in different urban regions.     

陕北石油污染土壤微生物种群变化及影响因素

采集陕北地区10个产油区县的石油污染土壤和洁净土壤,利用化学分析法和分子生物学技术对土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构进行测定,采用Pearson相关性分析和冗余分析研究石油污染对土壤理化性质、微生物种群分布和多样性的影响.结果表明,与未受污染土壤相比,石油污染土壤的NO₃^--N、总有机碳、全碳、全硫含量和碳氮比增加,pH值减小;土壤细菌群落均匀度明显降低,丰富度无明显变化.不同地区土壤受到石油污染后,一些优势细菌的相对丰度变化明显.变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）的相对丰度变化与石油烃含量呈显著正相关,Candidatus Saccharibacteria的相对丰度变化与石油烃含量呈极显著负相关.定边、靖边、子长、绥德、吴起、安塞和富县石油污染土壤中假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、诺卡氏菌属（Nocardioides）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、Alkanindiges、Gaiella和Gp4相对丰度显著增加;定边、靖边、子长和绥德石油污染土壤中Ohtaekwangia、假诺卡氏菌属（Pseudonocardia）、Ramlibacter、Sacchariacteria_genera_incertae_sedis相对丰度显著降低.假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、诺卡氏菌属（Nocardioides）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）和Alkanindiges为陕北地区石油污染土壤中的主要“嗜油菌”.土壤pH值、含水率、总石油烃和总有机碳等理化性质是影响陕北油田区石油污染土壤微生物种群结构的关键因素.     

Simulation of aerosol radiative properties with the ORISAM-RAD model during a pollution event (ESCOMPTE 2001)

The aim of this study is to present the organic and inorganic spectral aerosol module-radiative (ORISAM-RAD) module, allowing the 3D distribution of aerosol radiative properties (aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter) from the ORISAM module. In this work, we test ORISAM-RAD for one selected day (24th June) during the ESCOMPTE (expérience sur site pour contraindre les modèles de pollution atmosphérique et de transport d’emissions) experiment for an urban/industrial aerosol type. The particle radiative properties obtained from in situ and AERONET observations are used to validate our simulations. In a first time, simulations obtained from ORISAM-RAD indicate high aerosol optical depth (AOD)0.50–0.70±0.02 (at 440 nm) in the aerosol pollution plume, slightly lower (10–20%) than AERONET retrievals. In a second time, simulations of the single scattering albedo (ω_o) have been found to well reproduce the high spatial heterogeneities observed over this domain. Concerning the asymmetry parameter (g), ORISAM-RAD simulations reveal quite uniform values over the whole ESCOMPTE domain, comprised between 0.61±0.01 and 0.65±0.01 (at 440 nm), in excellent agreement with ground based in situ measurements and AERONET retrievals. Finally, the outputs of ORISAM-RAD have been used in a radiative transfer model in order to simulate the diurnal direct radiative forcing at different locations (urban, industrial and rural). We show that anthropogenic aerosols strongly decrease surface solar radiation, with diurnal mean surface forcings comprised between −29.0±2.9 and −38.6±3.9 W m⁻², depending on the sites. This decrease is due to the reflection of solar radiations back to space (−7.3±0.8<ΔF_TOA<−12.3±1.2 W m⁻²) and to its absorption into the aerosol layer (21.1±2.1<ΔF_ATM<26.3±2.6 W m⁻²). These values are found to be consistent with those measured at local scale.     

高寒草原退化过程中植被和土壤因子对微生物群落的交互影响

为了探明青藏高原高寒草原退化过程中植被和土壤因子对土壤微生物群落的调节作用,以青藏高原三江源区高寒草原为研究对象,分析了不同退化阶段（未退化、中度退化和重度退化）高寒草原植被及土壤因子的差异,利用高通量测序技术分析了不同退化阶段微生物群落特征,并借助冗余分析（RDA）和基于相似或相异度矩阵的多元回归（MRM）识别影响微生物（细菌和真菌）群落变化的关键环境因子. 结果表明,高寒草原退化显著改变了群落盖度、高度、生物量及禾本科重要值,降低了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量和粉粒含量,增加了土壤容重和砂粒含量. 退化并未改变细菌和真菌的组成,但改变了组成比例,导致了微生物丰富度（Chao1指数和Richness指数）的损失,但并未显著改变微生物多样性（Shannon指数）,随着退化的发生,植被特征、土壤理化性质与微生物多样性呈现出了一致的变化趋势. 结合网络拓扑变化特征（网络的节点数和聚类系数显著下降）发现,高寒草原退化导致了微生物的种间相互作用减弱,网络结构更加分散,微生物的分布趋向于均质化,但物种间的相互作用仍然以合作为主（网络正相关连接占比>90%）. 高寒草原退化过程中植被-土壤的耦合对土壤细菌群落的影响最大,而土壤理化性质对土壤真菌的群落影响最大. 具体而言,植被群落高度、生物量及土壤容重是调节土壤微生物的共性因子,植被辛普森指数、禾本科重要值、土壤全磷、全钾和粉粒含量是影响土壤细菌群落的特有因子;而土壤pH和全氮含量是影响土壤真菌群落的特有因子.     

柴油品质对1台典型欧Ⅳ柴油机性能影响的研究

为提出与我国第4阶段排放法规相适应的车用柴油标准,作为北京市"汽车-油品"项目的研究内容之一,在1台满足欧Ⅳ排放法规的柴油机上对不同品质参数的8种柴油进行对比试验.结果表明,柴油品质参数变化对试验用欧Ⅳ柴油机动力性、燃油经济性和缸内燃烧过程影响很小;微粒中的硫酸盐和气态SO2排放量均随硫含量上升而线性增加;十六烷值增加,比油耗和PM排放稍有下降、NOx排放稍有上升;T90下降,NOx排放下降、PM有降低趋势.在试验数据基础上,拟合得到了试验用欧Ⅳ柴油机ESC循环SCR前NOx和PM排放量随柴油硫含量、十六烷值、蒸馏特性T90和芳香烃含量4个参数变化的预测公式.     

针铁矿-高岭石复合体的表面性质和吸附氟的特性

采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外(FT-IR)光谱、质子电位滴定、比表面及微孔分析等方法对针铁矿、高岭石及其复合体的基本性质进行了表征;研究了供试样品对氟的吸附容量及吸附模型.结果表明,在悬浮液体系中,针铁矿可包被在高岭石表面形成二元复合体.复合体的孔径主要分布在0.42 nm和0.61 nm左右,BET表面积为34.08 m2/g,表面分形度D=2.726,质子电荷零点(pHPZNPC)位于5.50～6.50间.初始pH=6.00时,针铁矿对氟的吸附容量(qmax)为4.506 mg/g,高岭石的吸附容量为0.608 mg/g,复合体的吸附容量为3.520 mg/g.用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合了针铁矿、高岭石及复合体对氟的等温吸附数据,其中Langmuir方程拟合的相关系数(R2)分别为0.964、0.991和0.799,Freundlich方程拟合的相关系数分别为0.925、0.886和0.995.3种矿物吸附氟的主要机制有阴离子配体交换、表面配位和静电作用;此外,"F-键桥"对复合体吸附氟也有重要贡献.与2种单体的平均值比较,针铁矿-高岭石复合体的孔体积和孔径分布无明显变化,比表面积和表面分形度增加,表面羟基含量和质子电荷量减少,吸附氟的能力增强.针铁矿和高岭石单体对氟的吸附属于单层吸附模式,适合用Langmuir方程拟合;多层吸附模型Freundlich方程可很好地描述复合体对氟的吸附.     

模拟酸雨对山东主要土壤类型理化性质的影响

以ｐＨ２、３、４、５的模拟酸雨,对山东省棕壤,褐土,潮土,砂姜黑土,盐渍土等５种土壤进行了１－１０ａ室内淋洗土柱试验,结果表明,除棕壤在ｐＨ２的模拟酸雨淋洗第４ａ开始酸化以外,其余４种土壤１０ａ淋滤波ｐＨ值均大于７;模拟酸雨淋洗土壤１０ａ,土壤淋失盐基总量是褐土〉砂姜黑〉盐渍土〉潮土〉棕壤,盐基离子对酸雨的敏感性为Ｃａ＾２＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋〉Ｋ＾＋,Ｎａ＾＋模拟酸雨对土壤中活化作用是除棕壤ｐＨ２出现活