火灾爆炸指数法在页岩油储罐区安全评价中的应用

本文针对辽宁抚顺某页岩炼油厂的页岩油储罐区基本情况,运用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸指数评价法,定量地对该页岩油储罐区潜在火灾爆炸危险性进行了分析,得出了其安全措施补偿前后的火灾爆炸指数、危险等级、暴露半径、暴露面积、体积及最大可能财产损失、停产损失等数据,量化了火灾爆炸造成的危害,为炼油厂事故风险预防和管理提供了科学的依据。     

页岩气开采的环境影响分析

页岩气开发热潮席卷全球,页岩气开采过程是否会导致严重环境污染引起众多政府部门、专家学者和环保人士的争议,尤其是水力压裂法在页岩气开采中的应用。本文针对页岩气开采工艺技术,结合美国页岩气开采现状分析页岩气开采可能造成的环境污染,主要有：（1）大量消耗水资源;（2）污染地下水层：（3）甲烷泄漏;（4）引发地震。此外,就我国而言,还面临因地理环境限制和环境立法不足更易造成环境污染的可能。在页岩气勘探开发进程中,我们应重视页岩气开采的环境污染评估,争取以技术进步和相关环境立法来克服环境隐患。     

考虑气体传输和应力耦合作用的页岩表观渗透率演化机理

为模拟页岩气抽采过程中孔隙压力对其吸附特性和渗透特性的影响,通过吸附及多孔弹性理论,建立考虑过剩吸附量的吸附模型,并进一步建立考虑气体传输影响的页岩表观渗透率模型,通过试验数据验证其合理性。结果表明,1)随孔隙压力逐渐升高,页岩过剩吸附量呈先快速增加后趋于平缓的变化趋势;随温度升高,其吸附量呈降低趋势。考虑过剩吸附量和温度修正的吸附模型计算结果与试验所测结果吻合较好,且能较好地反映不同温度下页岩过剩吸附量与孔隙压力的关系。2)页岩气体吸附过程中产生的基质膨胀变形量随孔隙压力升高而升高,且温度较低时的气体吸附变形量大于温度较高时的变形量。3)在有效应力恒定的条件下,CH₄和He的表观渗透率随努森数增大而减小。相同孔隙压力条件下,随有效应力升高CH4和He的表观渗透率均呈降低的趋势,且页岩表观渗透率对有效应力的敏感程度随孔隙压力升高而降低。相同有效应力条件下,充入He的页岩表观渗透率均大于充入CH4的页岩表观渗透率。4)构建考虑气体传输和应力耦合作用的页岩表观渗透率模型,模型计算的渗透率与实测值具有良好的一致性,能较好地表征不同外应力条件下的页岩表观渗透率演化规律。     

川南页岩气区块生命周期用水核算

选取川南页岩气区块为研究对象,运用过程生命周期评估和投入产出生命周期方法核算页岩气开采生命周期的直接和间接用水量,并与美国Marcellus页岩气区块用水量进行比较。川南区块总直接用水量为22 928 m^3/井,高于Marcellus区块的总直接用水量15 320 m^3/井。从生命周期阶段来看,川南页岩气开采钻井和压裂阶段的直接用水均远大于Marcellus区块。结合水环境管理指标,自然资源禀赋条件主要决定了直接用水量的差异。川南区块总间接用水量为25 098 m^3/井,超过总直接用水量,约为Marcellus区块总间接用水量的3倍。除井场准备阶段外,其余阶段的间接用水量均大于Marcellus区块,间接用水量的差异与钻井和压裂过程的添加剂、能源使用量和全行业用水效率有关。减少川南区块页岩气开发用水量的主要途径包括提高钻井液和压裂液回用率、改善钻井和压裂添加剂使用效率、提高柴油和电力等能源利用效率和全行业用水效率。     

电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同工艺处理页岩气压裂返排废水

采用电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同工艺处理页岩气压裂返排废水,通过电解过程产生的Fe2+活化过硫酸盐产生强氧化性的硫酸根自由基氧化废水中的有机物,同时Fe2+被氧化成Fe3+进而水解起到絮凝作用。实验结果表明,在电解时间25 min、电流密度41.7 m A/cm~2、电极间距4 cm、搅拌转速100 r/min、废水pH 7.0、过硫酸盐添加量0.006 mol/L的条件下,COD去除率达94.5%,出水BOD_5/COD从0.13增至0.56,电导率从104 mS/m降至71 mS/m,矿化度从16 704 mg/L降至4 065 mg/L,不可滤残渣含量从554 mg/L降至59 mg/L。电絮凝-过硫酸盐氧化协同处理的效果明显优于单独电絮凝和硫酸亚铁活化过硫酸盐氧化工艺,循环伏安测试结果表明其原因是硫酸根自由基的产生,同时溶液的导电性增强,强化了絮凝效果。     

Taking away David’s sling*: environmental justice and land-use conflict in extractive resource development

Exploring cases of gas and coal extraction in Australia and the U.S.A., this paper considers instances in which legal and political frameworks have been used to prioritise development interests and minimise opportunities for community objection. Two case studies illustrate the role of law and the influence of politics on environmental conflict, conflict resolution, and participation in decision-making associated with resource extraction. A range of barriers to meaningful community participation in land-use decision-making are exposed by combining legal and non-legal concepts of equity and justice with ideologies of democracy and representation. These include asymmetry in information and resources available to parties; instances of misrecognition of weaker participants; and examples of malrecognition, where community attempts to engage democratic rights of public participation were thwarted by the strategic and deliberate actions of both industry and government. This paper illustrates the limits of current legal approaches to addressing land-use conflict and contributes to the developing scholarship of environmental justice as an analytic framework for addressing complex environmental and social justice issues.     

An Institutional and Opinion Analysis of Colorado’s Hydraulic Fracturing Disclosure Policy

Hydraulic fracturing and oil and natural gas development are possibly the most contentious energy and environmental issues to face the USA in the twenty-first century. One point of contention is the disclosure of fluids used in the hydraulic fracturing process. This paper analyses the Colorado 2011 policy requiring disclosure of hydraulic fracturing fluid information, considered one of the first comprehensive hydraulic fracturing disclosure policies in the country. We conduct an institutional analysis of the disclosure policy to understand how the policy establishes information flows and grants and restricts choices by targeted actors. We then analyse the opinions of people actively involved in hydraulic fracturing debates in Colorado to assess whether they view the disclosure policy as resolving problems. The institutional analysis illustrates how the policy allocates responsibilities in sending and receiving information and the opinion survey shows divergence in perceptions of its potential to resolve problems associated with chemical use or disclosure. Most respondents are in agreement that the new policy failed to build public trust of the hydraulic fracturing process.     

Comparing land change from shale gas infrastructure development in neighboring Utica and Marcellus regions, 2006–2015

The emergent patterns of land change resulting from the development of shale oil and gas infrastructure is a result of many small decisions and interactions. This research focuses on the land change associated with the development of shale oil and gas infrastructure in the Marcellus and Utica shale formations in two geographically proximate and physically similar counties, Carroll County, OH, and Washington County, PA. Land-cover data used to measure feature-scale change were digitized from aerial photography and then used to update National Land Cover Dataset data used in the calculation of forest fragmentation for the entire study areas. The amount and pattern of land change was very similar between the two counties even though they are drawing oil and gas from different shale formations. Less than 1% of the total forest for each county was lost but the fragmentation impacts are amplified by the pattern of infrastructure on the landscape.     

Biodegradation of Kupferschiefer black shale organic matter (Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland) by indigenous microorganisms

This study provides the first evidence for the direct biodegradation of persistent organic matter extracted from the organic-rich polymetallic black shale ore Kupferschiefer, one of the most important sources of metals in the world. It was demonstrated that an enriched community of indigenous heterotrophic microorganisms isolated from black shale grown under aerobic conditions could utilize shale organic matter as the sole carbon and energy source. Colonization of shale organic matter was observed. The main biodegradation intermediates and products such as phosphonic acid dioctadecyl ester and isoindole-1,3 were detected in the aqueous phase of cultures. The bacterial community showed the ability to PAH biodegradation, assimilation of organic acids and esters as well as lipase activity. The intracellular accumulation of phosphorus by bacteria during growth on organic matter was confirmed. Strains within the genus Pseudomonas were found to dominate the bacterial population at the end of the experiment. The results of this study confirm that indigenous bacteria are likely to play a role in the biotransformation of black shale and can influence the geochemical cycles of ancient organic carbon in the deep terrestrial subsurface. This process may also occur in tailings ponds containing black shale, and cause the mobilization of potentially toxic compounds to the soil and groundwater.     

利用城市污泥烧制页岩陶粒

利用城市污泥为部分原料烧制页岩陶粒,研究了污泥不同掺量、不同烧成温度以及焙烧时间对页岩陶粒性能的影响。研究表明,与纯页岩陶粒相比,在页岩粉中掺入一定量的干污泥烧制出的页岩陶粒烧成温度可以降低100℃以上,且性能优异,陶粒的重金属浸出值检测结果低于国家标准,符合环保要求。