硫碳比对芦苇碳源-硫耦合表面流湿地脱氮的影响

针对农田退水中NO₃--N占比高、碳氮比低的问题,提出PS-SFW（Phragmites australis and sulfur combined surface flow constructed wetland,芦苇碳源-硫耦合表面流人工湿地）,对其强化农田退水脱氮的可行性进行了研究,并与SFW₀（无芦苇碳源-硫填充的常规表面流湿地）进行对比,重点研究了HRT（水力停留时间）为3、2、4 d条件下S/C（质量比,分别为0.32、0.56）对PS-SFW脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,HRT为3 d（第29~40天）时,PS-SFW_0.32（S/C比为0.32）、PS-SFW_0.56（S/C比为0.56）和SFW₀的w（NO₃--N）分别为55.9%±11.0%、66.0%±10.0%和7.0%±3.0%,w（TN）分别为36.9%±1.0%、40.3%±3.0%和4.5%±2.0%,PS-SFW_0.56对TN和NO₃--N去除效能高于PS-SFW_0.32,远高于SFW₀;HRT为4 d时（第41~81天）及HRT为3 d（第130~149天）时,PS-SFW_0.32、PS-SFW_0.56、SFW₀的w（NO₃--N）为66.3%±5.0%、90.5%±4.0%、14.4±4.0%和53.4%±3.0%、62.9%±10.0%、48.5%±5.0%,w（TN）为55.5%±5.0%、75.4%±5.0%、14.4%±3.0%和48.8%±2.0%、57.5%±6.0%、44.1%±5.0%,PS-SFW_0.56对NO₃--N和TN的去除效能均优于PS-SFW_0.32,并且优于SFW₀.HRT为2 d（第82~129天）时,PS-SFW_0.32、PS-SFW_0.56、SFW₀的w（NO₃--N）为47.7%±7.0%、46.6%±6.0%和26.8%±4.0%,w（TN）为37%±6.0%、36.6%±6.0%和24.0%±3.0%,PS-SFW_0.32、PS-SFW_0.56对氮的去除效能接近,但仍优于SFW₀.研究显示,PS-SFW运行条件应优选S/C为0.56、HRT为4 d.      

厄立特里亚科卡矿区水质量评价及水污染特征研究

在2008年-2010年分别对厄立特里亚Zara矿区11个地下水和6个地表水(雨季采样)采样点进行抽样检测,运用世界卫生组织饮用水标准对26个水质指标进行单因子评价.结果表明,该地区水质因受地层矿物溶滤成分的影响不适合直接饮用.地下水中重金属超标严重,硫酸盐、溴酸盐和总磷也高于饮用水的最大允许水平(MPL).各指标在空间分布上差异较大,距矿区较远的监测点水质相对较好.地表水中仅总Fe和总Al含量超标,优于地下水水质,最大超标倍数分别为12.9倍和18.8倍.     

响应面法优化水力空化强化二氧化氯降解罗丹明B研究

利用响应面法的中心组合设计方法对水力空化强化二氧化氯降解罗丹明B实验进行设计,建立了二次多项式模型,并且模型拟合性较好。对实验条件进行优化,结果表明最佳实验条件为:入口压力为0.44 MPa,反应时间为100 min,二氧化氯浓度为33.74 mg/L。在最佳条件下,罗丹明B的实际降解率为92.2%,与预测值仅差0.3%。     

根表铁膜对水稻吸收转运稀土元素Ce的影响

采用溶液培养的方法探讨根表铁膜形成对水稻吸收积累和转运稀土元素Ce的影响。结果表明,Ce污染胁迫可抑制水稻根表铁膜的形成,根表铁膜吸附的Ce量随着溶液中Ce浓度的提高而增加。根表铁膜形成可降低水稻根系但提高水稻茎叶对Ce的吸收积累。当溶液中Ce浓度为0.1、0.5和1.0 mmol·L~(-1)时,铁膜诱导组水稻根系Ce含量分别比非诱导组水稻根系Ce含量降低38.60%、45.94%和32.75%,诱导组水稻茎叶Ce含量分别比非诱导组水稻茎叶Ce含量提高42.37%、28.87%和22.62%。根表铁膜形成可影响Ce在水稻植株中的富集和转运能力。非诱导组水稻根系富集Ce的能力远大于茎叶。诱导组水稻根系对Ce的富集能力最强,其次是根表铁膜,最后是水稻茎叶。诱导组水稻根系Ce转运系数显著大于非诱导组的根系,说明根表铁膜形成可促进水稻根部Ce向茎叶中转运。可见,根表铁膜对水稻吸收转运稀土元素的影响机理比较复杂。     

Klebsiella pneumoniae metabolites enhance Microcystis aeruginosa biomass flocculation

Microcystis aeruginosa is a common aquatic toxin-producing cyanobacterium. This study explores M. aeruginosa biomass recovery using bioflocculation. Bioflocculants produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae significantly enhanced aquatic M. aeruginosa flocculation efficiency. Under neutral and acidic conditions, flocculation efficiency reached 90%, whereas flocculation efficiency was 75% under alkaline conditions. M. aeruginosa flocculation was ion dependent, and Ca²⁺ was determined to be the most effective cationic inducer. Negatively charged proteoglycans were identified as the being the functional components in the flocculants. Optimal conditions for M. aeruginosa flocculation were determined using response surface methodology and are as follows: (1) K. pneumoniae bioflocculant dose, 13.3?mg/L; (2) flocculation time, 1.6 hours; and (3) pH?=?5 for flocculation of 10⁹ cells per litre. Bioflocculation using K. pneumoniae represents a promising method to control development of M. aeruginosa blooms. Further in-field investigations are necessary to fully assess its potential.     

Improved nitrogen removal in dual-contaminated surface water by photocatalysis

River waters in China have dual contamination by nutrients and recalcitrant organic compounds. In principle, the organic compounds could be used to drive denitrification of nitrate, thus arresting eutrophication potential, if the recalcitrant organics could be made bioavailable. This study investigated the potential to make the recalcitrant organics bioavailable through photocatalysis. Batch denitrification tests in a biofilm reactor demonstrated that dual-contaminated river water was short of available electron donor, which resulted in low total nitrogen (TN) removal by denitrification. However, the denitrification rate was increased significantly by adding glucose or by making the organic matters of the river water more bioavailable through photocatalysis. Photocatalysis for 15 min increased the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the river water from 53 to 84 mg·L^-1 and led to a 4-fold increase in TN removal. The increase in TN removal gave the same effect as adding 92 mg·L^-1 of glucose. During the photocatalysis experiments, the COD increased because photocatalysis transformed organic molecules from those that are resistant to dichromate oxidation in the COD test to those that can be oxidized by dichromate. This phenomenon was verified by testing photocatalysis of pyridine added to the river water. These findings point to the potential for N removal via denitrification after photocatalysis, and they also suggest that the rivers in China may be far more polluted than indicated by COD assays.     

Simultaneous analysis of five taste and odor compounds in surface water using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In this paper, a method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to simultaneously analyze five taste and odor compounds in surface water, i.e., 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IPMP), 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IBMP), and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin, GSM). The mass spectrometry was operated in selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Three kinds of SPE columns and three eluting solvents were compared, the C18 column was chosen as optimum SPE column, and methanol was chosen as the optimum eluting solvent. It was found that the method showed good linearity in the range of 1–200 ng·L^-1 and gave detection limits of 0.5–1.5 ng·L^-1 for individual compounds. Good recoveries (93.5%–108%) and relative standard deviations (1.58%–7.31%) were also obtained. Additionally, concentrations of these taste and odor compounds in Jinan’s surface and drinking water were analyzed by applying this method, and the results showed that GSM and 2-MIB were the dominant taste and odor compounds in Jinan’s raw water.     

响应面法优化O_3/H_2O_2/UV工艺降解1,2,4-三氯苯

研究了O3/H2O2/UV臭氧光催化工艺对水中TCB的降解效果,考察了TCB初始浓度、O3转化率、H2O2投加量及pH值对TCB降解效果的影响及其动力学分析,并通过响应面分析法对实验条件进行了优化组合.结果表明,O3/H2O2/UV对TCB的降解均遵循准一级反应动力学,其中条件优化组合后的反应动力学方程为y=0.0219x-0.0127,准一级反应速率常数为0.0219 min-1,所得线性相关系数为0.983.响应面分析结果表明,在TCB初始浓度0.3 mg.L-1、pH=10.1、H2O2投加量0.33 mmol.L-1、O3转化率99.75%的最优工艺组合条件下,TCB的3次平均去除率为94.2%,与预测值95.0%吻合度较高.     

PDMDAAC-阳离子膨润土的比表面积和吸蓝量的研究

以工业聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和钠基膨润土为原料,采用水溶液吸附的方法和高温活化法合成阳离子膨润土复合材料,用次甲基蓝滴定法测定膨润土与阳离子膨润土的吸蓝量;用BET氮气吸附法测定比表面积,最后用阳离子膨润土处理染料废水．结果表明,与膨润土相比,阳离子膨润土的吸蓝量和比表面积有了不同程度的提高,随着吸附量的增加,吸蓝量和比表面积都增大,对废水的处理效果表明,阳离子膨润土的脱色率和COD的去除率都有较大的提高．     

Ecotoxicological assessment of sediment from Texcalac River and agricultural soil of riverside area,in Tlaxcala,Mexico

This study assesses the potential risk of Texcalac River and riparian area. The p,p′ DDT and ∑DDTs levels in agricultural soils (3.9–208.0?µg/kg) and in surface sediments (0.6–137?µg/kg) surpassing the guidelines for protection of aquatic life (75% > TEC). The ∑PCBs concentration oscillated from 135 to 93941?µg/kg; the half of sediments exceeded the international guidelines (PEL, PEC), as well as two soils (SQGE?=?500?µg/kg). The TEQ concentration of four PCB-DL varied between 0.1 and 24.9?µg TEQ/kg, chiefly affected by PCB 169. Five sediments were lethal for E. foetida, two resulted to be cytotoxic and the 58% produced genotoxicity higher than negative control (A?=?0.28?±?0.05; DICA?=?72.5?±?16.9 au). Likewise, 31.6% of samples increased the micronuclei frequency in V. faba in comparison with negative control. The analytical data and the bioassays results suggest a significant and immediate risk to exposed biota of this region, highlighting a specific area in Texcalac River and other one in Sambrano Ravine. It is necessity assess the dispersion of pollutants and perform biomonitoring studies that display the exposure levels in biota with the goal to characterise the ecotoxicological risk.