水解酸化工艺的改进

综合水解酸化工艺传统的"膜法"和"泥法"两种工艺的优点,开发一种新的水解酸化工艺。把新工艺和传统的"膜法"工艺并联运行,进行对比实验,发现新工艺在有机物和色度的去除以及提高废水的可生化性方面均具有优势,COD去除率20%~30%,色度去除率60%,出水ρ(BOD5)/ρ(COD)在0.7左右。     

Use of thermal analysis techniques (TG-DSC) for the characterization of diverse organic municipal waste streams to predict biological stability prior to land application

The use of organic municipal wastes as soil amendments is an increasing practice that can divert significant amounts of waste from landfill, and provides a potential source of nutrients and organic matter to ameliorate degraded soils. Due to the high heterogeneity of organic municipal waste streams, it is difficult to rapidly and cost-effectively establish their suitability as soil amendments using a single method. Thermal analysis has been proposed as an evolving technique to assess the stability and composition of the organic matter present in these wastes. In this study, three different organic municipal waste streams (i.e., a municipal waste compost (MC), a composted sewage sludge (CS) and a thermally dried sewage sludge (TS)) were characterized using conventional and thermal methods. The conventional methods used to test organic matter stability included laboratory incubation with measurement of respired C, and spectroscopic methods to characterize chemical composition. Carbon mineralization was measured during a 90-day incubation, and samples before and after incubation were analyzed by chemical (elemental analysis) and spectroscopic (infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance) methods. Results were compared with those obtained by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Total amounts of CO₂ respired indicated that the organic matter in the TS was the least stable, while that in the CS was the most stable. This was confirmed by changes detected with the spectroscopic methods in the composition of the organic wastes due to C mineralization. Differences were especially pronounced for TS, which showed a remarkable loss of aliphatic and proteinaceous compounds during the incubation process. TG, and especially DSC analysis, clearly reflected these differences between the three organic wastes before and after the incubation. Furthermore, the calculated energy density, which represents the energy available per unit of organic matter, showed a strong correlation with cumulative respiration. Results obtained support the hypothesis of a potential link between the thermal and biological stability of the studied organic materials, and consequently the ability of thermal analysis to characterize the maturity of municipal organic wastes and composts.     

Techno-economic evaluation of ultrasound and thermal pretreatments for enhanced anaerobic digestion of municipal waste activated sludge

To enhance the anaerobic digestion of municipal waste-activated sludge (WAS), ultrasound, thermal, and ultrasound + thermal (combined) pretreatments were conducted using three ultrasound specific energy inputs (1000, 5000, and 10,000 kJ/kg TSS) and three thermal pretreatment temperatures (50, 70 and 90 °C). Prior to anaerobic digestion, combined pretreatments significantly improved volatile suspended solid (VSS) reduction by 29-38%. The largest increase in methane production (30%) was observed after 30 min of 90 °C pretreatment followed by 10,000 kJ/kg TSS ultrasound pretreatment. Combined pretreatments improved the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) removal efficiency by 42-72% but did not show any further improvement in hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) removal when compared with ultrasound and thermal pretreatments alone. Economic analysis showed that combined pretreatments with 1000 kJ/kg TSS specific energy and differing thermal pretreatments (50-90 °C) can reduce operating costs by $44-66/ton dry solid when compared to conventional anaerobic digestion without pretreatments.     

Gasification of dried sewage sludge: status of the demonstration and the pilot plant

The disposal of sewage sludge from municipal waste water treatment plants is suffering from raising costs.The gasification is an alternative way of treatment, which can reduce the amount of solid residues that must be disposed from a water treatment plant. The produced gas can be used very flexible to produce electrical energy, to burn it very cleanly or to use it for upgrading.The gasification in the fluidised bed and the gas cleaning with the granular bed filter has shown successful operation. A demonstration plant in Balingen was set up in 2002 and rebuilt to a larger throughput in 2010. As a next step a demonstration plant was built in Mannheim and is now at the end of the commissioning phase. Nowadays the product gas is blended with biogas from sludge fermentation and utilized in a gas engine or combustion chamber to produce heat. In the future the process control for a maximized efficiency and the removal of organic and inorganic impurities in the gas will be further improved.     

罐底油泥特性分析及其除油处理工艺

通过研究罐底油泥的理化性质,开发了适于处理罐底油泥的系列工艺:先采用调质技术提高罐底油泥流动性;再采用超声破乳降低油泥稳定性,改善油泥分离性能;最后采用卧式离心机对油泥进行离心分离处理.在复合型清洗剂加入量为800 mg/L、超声温度为60℃、超声功率为12 kW、超声时间为25 min、离心温度为60℃、絮凝剂加入量为600 mg/L、离心机转速为2200 r/min的条件下,系统稳定运行9d,离心机出口泥中含油率低于2.00％,水中悬浮固体质量浓度低于170 mg/L,达到了对罐底油泥进行除油的目的.     

污泥热水解技术研究进展

热水解可以改善污泥的生物降解性能和脱水性能,提高后续厌氧消化系统中有机物的去除率。本文阐述了热水解对污泥物理特性主要包括流变特性和脱水行为的影响;分析了热水解对污泥中氨氮浓度及对厌氧消化的作用;同时介绍了热水解技术对整个污泥处理系统能量需求的影响。指出：热水解改善了污泥的厌氧消化性能,提高了沼气等再生资源的产量,且厌氧消化产生的沼气量与热水解技术所需的能量基本平衡。     

雷管内部爆轰波压力测量技术

利用锰铜压阻法对雷管内部不同截面的爆压直接进行测量 ,通过实验实测 ,得到了 8#雷管内部 3个截面处的爆轰压力数据。最后对实验中出现的问题及误差产生的原因进行了较为详细的分析     

缺氧——好氧生和的膜反应器挂膜的试验研究

缺氧生物膜反应器采用好氧预挂膜与快速排泥挂膜方法,在挂膜期间加强污泥回流,缩短反应器的启动时间。两种反应器内均存在呈悬浮与附着形态的污泥。     

植物抗逆性研究进展

本文论述了逆境对植物各方面造成的伤害及植物产生的相应反应 ,重点对植物在生理生化上的变化、对抗性生理领域中的一些学说和最新研究结果作了介绍 ,并指出相生相克现象也可作为抗逆生理的一个方面加以研究 ,概念扩展后的抗逆生理学必将在农业、环保等方面得到更广泛的应用     

污水处理工程--两段式活性污泥工艺

我国中小城市的污水处理通常有如下特点(1 )工业废水所占比重较大,甚至超过50 %,致使要处理的城市污水的污染物浓度较高,污染物负荷变化较大 ;(2)城市财政状况比较紧张,可用于建设污水处理厂的资金有限.两段式活性污泥工艺是对传统活性污泥工艺的改进,在好氧处理之前采用一个缺氧或厌氧段,用于有机物的水解酸化或生物除磷.两段式工艺有以下优点处理效率高、工程投资和日常运行费用低,更适合我国国情.本文以两个工程项目为例,论述了两段式活性污泥工艺的工程设计与实际应用.山东省招远市污水处理厂于1999年7月投入运行,处理后排放水中的污染物指标低于设计值.蓬莱市污水处理厂工程即将竣工,设计处理能力20000m3 /d,工程总投资约1200万元,远远低于目前国内的平均水平.