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181.
Abdelkader Bouzidi Abderrahmane Ararem Djillali Imessaoudene Benalia Yabrir 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015,36(10):163-172
Four types of undisturbed soil in Ain Oussera region around the Es-Salam reactor facility, located in the south of Algiers, Algeria, at about 200 km, were artificially contaminated for one year with stable CsCl and SrCl2 in order to simulate an accidental release of these elements. This study was performed using sequential extraction procedure based on Shultz method and containing six fractions. The selectivity of the extraction protocol was confirmed by analyzing some elements (Ca, C, Fe, Mn, Si and Al) designed as indicators of the targeted phases. The obtained results showed an acceptable reproducibility, in view of the coefficients of variation that were in most cases less than 15%. The results revealed a clear proportional correlation between the extracted Cs and Sr in fractions for each soil and some of soils physicochemical properties. Organic matter appears to play an important role in the soil retention, particularly for Cs where the extracted percentage exceeds to 30% in whole soils. In contrast, strontium expresses a remarkable affinity for the fraction bound to carbonates. The obtained data also indicate that the availability of Cs in the four soils is less important compared to Sr availability. This is illustrated by the higher value of extracted Sr in the easily extractible phase, including the water-soluble and the exchangeable fraction. 相似文献
182.
183.
This paper reports on the speciation study and the Hg redox behavior in Amazon soils not influenced by gold mining and collected near Manaus, AM, Brazil. The samples were incubated by adding Hg(0) and HgCl2 to dry soil. Solid phase Hg speciation analysis was carried out using a Hg thermodesorption technique with the aim of distinguishing elemental Hg(0) from Hg(II) binding forms. In the first case, we observed the conversion of Hg(0) to Hg(II) binding forms in the range of 28–68% and a correlation between the percent of oxidation and OM content. Samples incubated with Hg(II) showed the formation of Hg(I) and/or Hg(0) in the range of 19–69%. The lowest values corresponded to the samples with the lowest clay contents. The kinetics of conversion of Hg(0) as well as HgCl2 were roughly fitted to the two first order reactions, a fast one and a slow one. It was not possible to evaluate differences between sampling sites and types of soils, but the mean half-life of the first order reaction obtained by the addition of Hg(II) was slower (t1/2 = 365 d) than the one obtained by the addition of Hg(0) (t1/2 = 148 d). Previous studies have shown the predominance of organically bound Hg in these samples. Thus, the kinetic difference between Hg oxidation and reduction in combination with the efficient retention processes by OM may explain the high background values found in Amazon soils. 相似文献
184.
An oil spill polluted site at Ogbodo-Isiokpo in Ikwere Local Government Area of Rivers State in southern Nigeria, was identified
for study following three successive reconnaissance surveys of oil fields in the Agbada west plain of Eastern Niger Delta.
A sampling area of 200 m × 200 m was delimited at the oil spill impacted site using the grid technique and soils were collected
at surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) depths from three replicate quadrats. A geographically similar, unaffected
area, located 50 m adjacent to the polluted site, was chosen as a control (reference) site. Total extractable hydrocarbon
contents of the polluted soils ranged from 3.02–4.54 and 1.60–4.20 mg/kg (no overlap in standard errors) at surface and subsurface
depths respectively. The concentrations of two “diagnostic” trace heavy metals, nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V), which are normal
constituents of crude oil, were also determined in the soils by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method after pre-extraction
of cations with dithionite–citrate carbonate. Ni varied from 0.15 to 1.65 mg/kg in the polluted plots and from 0.18 to 0.82
mg/kg in the unpolluted plots; vanadium varied from 0.19 to 0.70 mg/kg in the polluted plots and from 0.14 to 0.38 mg/kg in
the unpolluted plots. Ni and V were more enhanced (p < 0.05) in the oil-polluted soils, especially at subsurface depth. Whilst the oil spillage could be said to be indirectly
responsible for the enhanced concentrations of nickel and vanadium via the injection and availability of the petroleum hydrocarbons
that might have increased the activities of biodegradation on site, the physico-chemical properties of the soils and inherent
mobility of metals, as well as the intense rainfall and flooding that characterized the period of study, may have also contributed,
at least in part, to these enhanced concentrations. Such levels of Ni and V may result to enhanced absorption by plants, which
may bring about possible bioaccumulation in such plants and the animals that depend on them for survival and all of these
may lead to toxic reactions along the food chain. 相似文献
185.
MULTI-MEDIA CONCENTRATIONS OF HEAVY METALS AND MAJOR IONS FROM URBAN AND RURAL SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Concentrations of heavy metals and major ions were measured in precipitation, snowpack, garden soils and vegetables from urban and rural sites in New Brunswick in Atlantic Canada. Atmospheric loading of mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, strontium, and vanadium need further assessment. Vanadium concentrations in precipitation, snowpack, soils and vegetables showed an urban influence. Vanadium concentrations in the snowpack ranged between <2.0 ppb at 50 kilometers from the city center to 31.4 ppb in the city. Concentrations of all heavy metals in urban soils were less than CCME remediation guidelines but selected metals exceeded the assessment benchmark non-regulatory guidelines. Major ions were consistently higher in event precipitation than the snowpack. The order of ion elution from the snowpack was NO3 > SO4 > NH4 > H > Mg > Cl > Na > K. Hydrogen ion equivalents were highest in the snowpack and precipitation from urban samples. Mean hydrogen ion concentrations ranged from 11 to 22 eq L-1 in the snowpack compared with 18 to 41 eq L-1 in event precipitation. 相似文献
186.
N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the North China Plain:the effect of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isaveryimportantgreenhousegasintheatmosphere.InterestintheincreaseofatmosphericN2 OhasbeenrecentlystimulatedbytheunderstandingthatN2 Ogasplaysanimportantroleinthechemistryandozonelayerdestructionofthestratosphere.Theradiativ… 相似文献
187.
Duane T. Gardiner Qingguo Sun 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(4):1061-1067
ABSTRACT: Irrigation reduces infiltration rates for subsequent irrigations or rains, thus decreasing the efficiency of water use and impacting watersheds in agricultural areas. Reduced infiltration causes greater runoff with its accompanying erosion, pollution, and sedimentation. Small rates of polyacrylamide (PAM) improve infiltration and reduce erosion on irrigated fields. The effects of PAM on infiltration of rainwater, the longevity of the effects of various rates of PAM, and the effects of repeated or intermittent PAM applications are not understood. This study measured the effects of four PAM application rates (0, 10, 25, and 40 ppm) on the subsequent infiltration of wastewater or simulated rainwater for seven weeks following the initial treatments. Also, effects of repeated and intermittent PAM applications on infiltration were determined. Hydraulic conductivity was determined for each soil column using the falling head method. Two soil types from the coastal plain of south Texas were tested — a soil high in clay (Victoria) and a sandy loam (Willacy). Effects of PAM rates were significant, but effects of water type were not (P > 0.05). Benefits from single PAM applications disappeared within two weeks. Water enriched with PAM is so viscous and infiltrates so slowly that applying PAM in every irrigation event may not be feasible. However, repeating PAM applications every two weeks maintained high infiltration rates on the alternate weeks. This intermittent application of PAM may be a practical approach for improving infiltration rates on irrigated lands. 相似文献
188.
黄土高原地区石油类非点源污染试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
石油类非点源污染基本特征为污染源分散、污染源作用周期长、暴雨时易于形成高含沙水流以及由此引发的高强度石油类污染。试验结果表明,随土壤石油污染强度的提高,径流量增大,产沙量降低,但水、固两相中的污染物径流污染强度均增大。试验条件下,径流过程释放于水相中的石油类浓度可高达4~7 mg/L。 相似文献
189.
A. H. M. Johnson G. C. Lalor J. Preston H. Robotham C. Thompson M. K. Vutchkov 《Environmental geochemistry and health》1996,18(3):113-121
A regional survey of Jamaican surface soils has been conducted in which more than 200 samples were collected at a sample density of 1 per 64 km2 across the island and analysed for total concentrations of 31 elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The aim of the survey was to begin the construction of a high-precision geochemical database to provide information on elemental levels in soils for application to environmental studies, agriculture, and human and animal health. Results on the regional scale are presented for As, Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb. Although Jamaican surface soils are enriched in several heavy metals compared with world soil means and crustal abundances, lead is of particular importance at this stage because of its occurrence in residential areas. Except for Cu, the distribution maps of these elements are highly correlated with bauxite which in Jamaica is associated with white limestone geology and residualterra rossa soils. 相似文献
190.
用高铝陶瓷球磨加工在120℃下烘干30h的风砂土、黑土和暗棕壤土壤样品。用X-射线荧光光谱法等分析样品中Cu,F3,Ti等元素,做均匀度检验,结果表明样品均匀。定值分析采用NA、ICP-MS等18种不同原理的分析技术。在1年多时间里,用X-射线荧光光谱法做稳定性实验,表明样品稳定。在IBM计算机上处理获取的全部数据。用Grubbs、多重比较S法等剔除离群值,求出最佳估计值。以最佳估计值按定值原则确 相似文献