Leaching of copper,chromium and arsenic in a soil of south west Victoria,Australia

The movement of copper, chromium and arsenic originating from samples of the wood preservative Tanalith® through mildly acidic, sandy loam soil was investigated. Small, undisturbed soil cores (of dimensions 15 × 15 × 15 cm) were removed from the topsoil of a paddock adjacent to the Glenelg River in the Western District of Victoria, Australia. The paddock soils were thin (<30cm) greyish brown, mildly acidic, sandy loams with a moderate organic carbon content (2–5%) overlying a limestone cap. Tanalith® was applied to the surface of the cores which were then irrigated with deionised water at approximately 30 mm day^‐1. Copper concentrations in all leachate remained at background levels throughout the experiment, and this element was found to be immobilised in the top 4 cm of the soil. Up to 29% of the applied dose of chromium was detected in the leachate, with breakthrough occurring within 20 days of Tanalith® application. Up to 13% ofthe applied dose ofarsenic was detected in the leachate, although in this case breakthrough was not observed until 25 days after Tanalith® application and leachate concentrations were still rising when the experiment came to a close. Significant concentrations of arsenic and chromium were found in the top 6 cm of the soil profile.     

Adsorption‐desorption hysteresis of α‐endosulfan in tropical soils using isotopic techniques

This study was designed to evaluate the adsorption‐desorption hysteresis of endosulfan (1,2,3,4, 7,7‐hexachlorobicyclo[2,2,1]‐2‐heptene‐5,6‐bisoxymethylene sulfite) in selected tropical soils. Two major tropical soils from Thailand were selected, Rangsit lowland soils (Rangsit series) and Phrabat upland soils (Pakchong series). The soil types were sub‐divided into plow soils, 0–20cm depth from the surface, and subsoils, 20–40cm depth. Adsorption was determined in 24h batch equilibrium, with five different concentrations of ¹⁴C endosulfan ranging from 1.04 to 16.64 ng/mg soils. Four successive desorption studies were performed continuously after three adsorption concentrations, 24h for each successive. Adsorption coefficient values (K _ads) as determined by Freundlich model ranged from 0.02 to 0.14 and found to be higher in Rangsit soils as expected when compared with Phrabat soils. Desorption was hysteresis in every desorption study. Desorption coefficient values (K _des) were higher than adsorption (K _des).     

A comparative study of three different methods for the sequential extraction of heavy metals in soil

Three different methods for the sequential extraction of heavy metals from soil (viz those of Tessier et al. (A. Tessier, P.G. Campbell and N. Bisson (1979). Anal. Chem., 51, 844.), Sposito et al. (G. Sposito, L.J. Lund and A.C. Chang (1989). Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46, 260.) and Mann and Ritchie (S.S. Mann and G.S.P. Ritchie (1993). Aust. J. Soil Res., 31, 255.)) were examined in terms of the distribution of Cu, Zn and Pb in the soil phases and the bioavailability of these elements in soil. To this end, several samples of soils polluted with metals from a copper mine were fractionated by using the three studied methods and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results revealed differences in extraction efficiency among the methods due to the extractant used, or its concentration, and to the soil/solution ratio. The three methods were found to provide accurate heavy metal background contents. However, the method of Tessier et al. is to be preferred for quantifying increased levels of heavy metals on account of its high extraction power.     

菲和萘在黄土上的吸附等温线和吸附热力学

研究了菲和萘在黄土上的吸附行为,比较分析了Linear方程、Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程描述吸附等温线的准确性.结果表明,菲和萘在黄土上的吸附等温线呈非线性,Freundlich方程最符合其吸附行为.菲和萘在天然黄土上的吸附量随温度升高而降低.其吸附是一个放热过程,吸附热分别为0.017 74 kJ·mol-1和-0.061 25 kJ·mol-1; 吸附的标准自由能改变量分别为-9.939 kJ·mol-1和-7.333 kJ·mol-1.标准自由能的变小是菲和萘在黄土上吸附的推动力.经过阳离子表面活性剂改性后的黄土对菲和萘的吸附能力,随加入的表面活性剂占原土阳离子交换容量(CEC)的百分数增大明显增强,能更加有效地去除水环境中的多环芳烃类污染物.     

模拟酸雨条件下Cd2+在土壤及其矿物表面的解吸动力学特征

利用流动搅动法研究在模拟酸雨条件下土壤和矿物表面Cd2+的解吸动力学特征,结果表明,Cd²⁺的解吸动力学能用一级动力学描述,红壤和针铁矿上Cd²⁺解吸率为70%～100%,砖红壤和高岭土上解吸率为25%～50%;砖红壤上Cd²⁺解吸动力学可用扩散方程描述,但该方程并不适合描述红壤、针铁矿和高岭土上Cd²⁺的解吸;Elovich方程在描述Cd²⁺解吸时比双常数方程和抛物线扩散方程要好,这也说明Cd²⁺的解吸为一非均相扩散过程.Cd²⁺的解吸过程分为快反应和慢反应,快反应过程在60min内完成(除砖红壤外),随后达到平衡状态.Cd²⁺在土壤表面的快反应与交换态Cd²⁺有关,边面羟基化的键合点位与Cd²⁺亲和力的不同是导致Cd²⁺解吸速率和解吸量差异的原因.流出液pH值的上升反映出土壤表面存在质子的消耗,这可能与硫酸根的专性吸附释放羟基和矿物表面的质子化有关,这在砖红壤上表现得特别明显.     

浙中典型硫铁矿区农田土壤重金属含量特征及健康风险

为探明硫铁矿开采对周边农田土壤环境及人体健康的影响,在龙游县硫铁矿区周边采集表层土壤样品(0～20 cm)42件,分析了土壤中8种重金属含量(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)及pH,采用统计学、地累积指数(Igeo)、正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)和健康风险评估模型等方法开展研究区土壤重金属含量特征、来源...     

酸性条件下可变电荷土壤表面Pb~(2+)-H~+反应动力学特征

研究了酸性条件下Pb在可变电荷土壤表面的反应动力学.结果表明,在酸性条件下,从一级动力学方程拟合的参数可知,三种土壤的最大吸附量依次为砖红壤>赤红壤>红壤,Pb最大吸附量随酸度的增加显著下降.红壤、赤红壤和砖红壤在pH 5.5处理的半反应时间(t1/2)分别为231 min,266 min和182min;pH 3.3处理的t1/2分别为43 min,26 min和32 min.用Elovrich方程和抛物线扩散方程常数(b)解释离子的表观扩散速率,三种土壤的b值依次为砖红壤>赤红壤>红壤,且随酸度的增大而降低.在Pb的吸附过程中,pH值为5.5和4.3时,红壤和赤红壤流出液中有质子释放;当原液pH值为3.3和3.8时,都存在质子的消耗.三种土壤H+的消耗过程有较大的区别,砖红壤快速消耗的H+量远远大于红壤和赤红壤.反应初期,H+的消耗是快速反应,主要包括土壤交换阳离子的缓冲作用、土壤表面的质子化及硫酸根专性吸附释放的羟基中和H+;而后反应中H+对矿物的溶解是一个缓慢过程.     

福建省菜园土壤重金属的含量及其污染评价

采集了福建省26个县市158份菜园表层土壤样品,测定了土壤样品中重金属含量,采用单项及综合污染指数法对土壤重金属污染进行评价分析,并通过元素相关性分析和聚类分析,研究了菜园土壤重金属元素的赋存特征与区域分布.结果表明,福建省菜园土壤存在着不同程度的重金属污染,主要污染元素为Pb,Hg和Cd;元素相关性分析与聚类分析的结果表明:Cu,Zn,Ni和As具有伴随污染的特点,其污染源主要来自土壤母质和大量施用的农药和化肥;Cd,Pb和Hg在土壤中各聚成一类,说明它们在菜园土壤具有较独特的污染源,特别是Cd和Hg,其污染特征明显.而Pb和Cd虽有各自的污染源,但其污染具有一定的相关性.     

重金属含量对城市土壤真菌群落结构的影响

作为土壤微生物系统的一个重要组成部分,真菌可以明显地对土壤环境的变化起到指示作用;城市中的人为活动很容易影响到土壤状况,因此城市土壤往往有人为重金属富集现象的出现.对城市内部不同功能区土壤中的真菌群落结构进行分析,旨在探明城市内部不同功能区中重金属含量对土壤真菌群落结构的影响,为城市土壤生态系统的修复与保护和城市环境质...     

焉耆盆地土壤重金属的污染及潜在生态风险评价

通过采集干旱区典型绿洲-焉耆盆地表层土壤样品,测试其中10种重金属的含量,采用多元统计分析、污染指数法及潜在生态风险指数法研究土壤中重金属的赋存特征、来源及其污染状况和潜在的生态风险.结果表明:焉耆盆地土壤中10种重金属的平均值和最大值均未超过土壤环境质量二级标准,但重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、As和Cr的最大值超过新疆土壤背景值,超标率分别为8%、7%、11%、9.2%、12%和8.1%. 统计分析表明焉耆盆地土壤中10种重金属的平均含量顺序为: Mn>Zn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Co>Pb>As>Cd>Hg. 研究表明焉耆盆地土壤中重金属Zn、Pb、Hg、Cu之间具有较高的相关性, 主要来源于人为污染;重金属Mn、Co、Cd、Cr、Ni、As之间具有较高的相关性,主要来源于自然地质背景;污染指数评价表明焉耆盆地土壤中10种重金属均未出现污染状况,处于较低的生态风险,但土壤中重金属Pb、Zn、Hg的含量在部分地区相对较高的现象应引起重视.