Spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen exported by runo from sandy agricultural soils

The eutrophication problem has drawn attention to nutrient leaching from agricultural soils, and an understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed to develop decision-making tools. Thus, eleven sites were selected to monitor, over a two-year period, spatial and temporal variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff in sandy agricultural soils. Factors influencing the variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff were analyzed. Variation of annual rainfall was small among 11 sites, especially between 2001 and 2002. However, variation of annual discharge was significant among the sites. The results suggest that rainfall patterns and land use had significant effect on discharge. The concentrations of total N, total kjeldahl N （TKN）, organic matter-associated N （OM-N）, NO3- -N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff ranged widely from 0.25 to 54.1, 0.15 to 20.3, 0.00 to 14.6, 0.00 to 45.3, and 0.00 to 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Spatial and temporal variations in the N concentration and runoff discharge were noted among the different sites. Annual loads of N in the runoff varied widely among monitoring sites and depend mainly on runoff discharge. High loads of total N, OM-N, NO3--N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff either in citrus groves or on vegetable farms occurred from June to October for each year, which coincided with the rainy season in the region. This study found that N in surface runoff was related to rainfall intensity, soil N level, and fertilizer use.     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段土壤微生物与养分的耦合关系

采用空间代替时间序列的方法,对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段土壤微生物特征与养分的耦合关系进行研究。结果表明,1）不同恢复阶段土壤养分存在明显差异,从裸荒地阶段（Ⅰ）、草本阶段（Ⅱ）、灌木阶段（Ⅲ）到乔木阶段（Ⅳ）,土壤含水量、土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷显著增加（P<0.05）,全磷、pH 值逐渐减小（P>0.05）,全钾和速效钾的差异变化不大。2）不同恢复阶段微生物总数显著增加（P<0.05）,其中细菌数量显著增加（P<0.05）,真菌数量的大小顺序为草本阶段（Ⅱ）>裸荒地阶段（Ⅰ）>灌木阶段（Ⅲ）>乔木阶段（Ⅳ）（P<0.05）;放线菌数量的大小顺序为草本阶段（Ⅱ）>乔木阶段（Ⅳ）>裸荒地阶段（Ⅰ）>灌木阶段（Ⅲ）（P<0.05）。裸荒地阶段（Ⅰ）,细菌数量与放线菌数量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,草本阶段（Ⅱ）,放线菌数量与真菌数量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,灌木阶段（Ⅲ）和乔木阶段（Ⅳ）,细菌数量、真菌数量和与放线菌数量之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。3）相关分析表明,不同恢复阶段微生物量碳、微生物量氮和微生物量磷之间的相关性性达显著或极显著水平（P<0.05或P<0.01）,土壤微生物量与土壤养分的关系密切（P<0.05或P<0.01）,而微生物数量与土壤养分的相关性较弱（P>0.05）。4）典型相关分析表明,不同恢复阶段土壤微生物属性和土壤养分的耦合关系不同。裸荒地阶段（Ⅰ）,土壤含水量、土壤有机质、全氮和全磷主要影响微生物量碳、微生物量氮和微生物量磷（P<0.01）。草本阶段（Ⅱ）,土壤有机质、全磷和 pH 值起较大作用,主要影响微生物量碳、细菌、真菌（P<0.01）。灌木阶段（Ⅲ）,土壤有机质、全磷和pH主要影响微生物量碳、微生物量氮和真菌（P<0.01）。乔木阶段（Ⅳ）,全磷、碱解氮和pH值主要影响微生物量碳、微生物量氮和细菌（P<0.01）。研究结果对于构建衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复技术体系具有理论与实践意义。     

利用有机碳同位素组成辨识土壤污染过程的方法初探

利用有机碳含量变化特征和有机碳同位素组成的变化规律,探寻土壤碳源和迁移转化过程.在北京市首钢烧结厂和通州永乐店分别采集了2条土壤剖面,对样品进行了有机碳含量和同位素组成的分析.研究结果表明,首钢工业区烧结厂和城郊土壤样品有机碳含量相差很大,表层土最高含量分别是4.4%和0.8%;首钢烧结厂附近土壤样品有机碳同位素组成仅...     

雷州半岛南部典型农用地土壤-作物的有机氯农药残留特征和健康风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定雷州半岛南部典型农用地土壤-作物有机氯农药（OCPs）的残留含量,探究8种作物对有机氯农药的生物富集特征,并进行人体健康风险评价.结果表明,10种OCPs均有不同程度地检出,其中六六六（HCHs）和七氯是研究区主要污染物,在土壤中残留含量分别为23.83～111.51 ng·g^-1和11.01～25.97 ng·g^-1,在作物中分别为7.54～61.28 ng·g^-1和3.96～30.97 ng·g^-1,少部分土壤和作物样品中该两类OCPs存在超标情况.有87.50%土壤样品α-HCH/γ-HCH小于1,且β-HCH/α-HCH大于1,表明HCHs可能来源于近期林丹的使用和历史施用残留污染,而七氯推测主要来源于地下虫害和白蚁防治药剂的施用.不同作物对OCPs的富集能力差异较大,蔬菜类作物的生物富集能力较强,水果类较弱,且鳞茎类蔬菜（韭菜）明显强于其他蔬菜类别.人体健康风险评价表明,土壤与作物中OCPs对区域内人群基本不会造成明显的健康风险.但韭菜和辣椒作物复合污...     

Relationship between plant biodiversity and heavy metal bioavailability in grasslands overlying an abandoned mine

Abandoned metal mines in the Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain, are often located in areas of high ecological value. This is true of an abandoned barium mine situated in the heart of a bird sanctuary. Today the area sustains grasslands, interspersed with oakwood formations of Quercus ilex and heywood scrub (Retama sphaerocarpa L.), used by cattle, sheep and wild animals. Our study was designed to establish a relationship between the plant biodiversity of these grasslands and the bioavailability of heavy metals in the topsoil layer of this abandoned mine. We conducted soil chemical analyses and performed a greenhouse evaluation of the effects of different soil heavy metal concentrations on biodiversity. The greenhouse bioassays were run for 6 months using soil samples obtained from the mine polluted with heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) and from a control pasture. Soil heavy metal and Na concentrations, along with the pH, had intense negative effects on plant biodiversity, as determined through changes in the Shannon index and species richness. Numbers of grasses, legumes, and composites were reduced, whilst other species (including ruderals) were affected to a lesser extent. Zinc had the greatest effect on biodiversity, followed by Cd and Cu. When we compared the sensitivity of the biodiversity indicators to the different metal content variables, pseudototal metal concentrations determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were the most sensitive, followed by available and soluble metal contents. Worse correlations between biodiversity variables and metal variables were shown by pseudototal contents obtained by plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Our results highlight the importance of using as many different indicators as possible to reliably assess the response shown by plants to heavy metal soil pollution.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.     

典型铝塑厂周边土壤重金属分布特征与健康风险评价

为探究铝塑园区周边土壤重金属污染情况,选取山东省某城市塑料开发区为研究区,按照分层采样方式获取到80个土壤样品,分别测定土壤中As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn含量,运用统计分析法探讨土壤重金属等的分布特征和来源,并利用健康风险评价模型确定了土壤重金属对周边居民的健康风险。结果表明:As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn均超出山东省土壤背景值,其中Cd、Hg、Cu和Pb分别超出背景值48. 15%、106. 90%、62. 04%和39. 96%,表明土壤中存在一定程度的重金属积累,在周边140～210 m处最为严重,且受人类活动影响强烈,与风向关系不大;土壤重金属垂直分布特征大致呈现随着深度的增加不断增加,在20 cm深度附近达到最高值,其后不断降低并趋于平稳,Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb和Zn变异幅度大,受到人为干扰较大,As、Cr和Ni主要受成土母质控制,属于自然来源,变动幅度较小;研究区内8种元素不存在非致癌风险,Cr、As、Ni和Cd产生的致癌风险处在可接受范围内,但存在的潜在致癌风险应引起足够的重视。     

重金属污染土壤及场地的植物修复技术发展与应用

重金属污染土壤及场地的治理工作迫在眉睫,植物修复技术以其成本低、不破坏土壤生态环境、无二次污染、易被公众接受等优点,受到了学术界的广泛关注.近年来,国内外在植物修复技术的植物资源筛选、调控技术、修复植物产后处理等方面进行了广泛的研究.植物修复已经从实验室阶段走向了田间示范和推广应用阶段.现就近年来植物修复技术在重金属污...     

Characterizing the Extent of Spatially Integrated Floodplain and Wetland Systems in the White River,Indiana, USA

Floodplain delineation may inform protection of wetland systems under local, state, or federal laws. Nationally available Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs, “100‐year floodplain” maps) focus on urban areas and higher‐order river systems, limiting utility at large scales. Few other national‐scale floodplain data are available. We acquired FIRMs for a large watershed and compared FIRMs to floodplain and integrated wetland area mapping methods based on (1) geospatial distance, (2) geomorphic setting, and (3) soil characteristics. We used observed flooding events (OFEs) with recurrence intervals of 25‐50 to >100 years to assess floodplain estimate accuracy. FIRMs accurately reflected floodplain areas based on OFEs and covered 32% of river length, whereas soil‐based mapping was not as accurate as FIRMs but characterized floodplain areas over approximately 65% of stream length. Geomorphic approaches included more areas than indicated by OFE, whereas geospatial approaches tended to cover less area. Overall, soil‐based methods have the highest utility in determining floodplains and their integrated wetland areas at large scales due to the use of nationally available data and flexibility for regional application. These findings will improve floodplain and integrated wetland system extent assessment for better management at local, state, and national scales.     

Testing the efficiency of extraction of incurred residues from soil with optimized multi-residue method

The reproducibility of extraction of residues from spiked soil samples and from soils containing incurred residues was tested with ¹⁴C-labeled test compounds of different physical-chemical properties. Nearly 100% of the compounds added to the sample before extraction could be recovered with an average reproducibility relative standard deviation (CV) of 5.4%. The additional steps of the determination process (cleanup, evaporation, etc.) contributed to the major part of the variability of the results (CV = 10–20%). The incurred residues were most efficiently extracted with acetone for 30 min followed by the mixture of acetone/ethyl acetate 1:1 for additional 30 min. However, they could only be recovered at various extent (64–90% of total residues), underlying the importance of testing the efficiency of extraction. The residues were identified and quantified by gas chromatography applying thermionic detector. The performance parameters of the method complied with the international method validation guidelines, and they proved to be robust and suitable for determination of pesticide residues in soils of widely different physical–chemical properties.