滇池泥炭土对两种抗生素和双酚A的吸附

用不同浓度NaOH溶液处理采集自云南滇池的泥炭土,研究处理前后的泥炭土对两种抗生素磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）、卡马西平（CBZ）及双酚A（BPA）的吸附机理,并深入探讨3种污染物及泥炭土性质对吸附特性的影响.吸附等温线拟合结果表明,Freundlich模型对3种物质在泥炭土上的吸附等温线有较好的拟合优度.3种物质中,BPA的非线性指数n值最低,这可能是由于其不对称的结构特征导致.随着处理泥炭土的NaOH浓度增加,3种吸附质在泥炭土上的吸附顺序为BPA > CBZ > SMX,BPA的吸附最高可能是由于其含有两个酚羟基,与泥炭土有较强的极性作用导致,而CBZ的吸附比SMX的吸附高是由憎水性作用引起.NaOH处理后并没有增加泥炭土对这3种吸附质的吸附,说明对于离子型化合物,吸附过程和机理复杂,BPA蝴蝶状结构及苯环上含有两个羟基可能导致其在泥炭土上出现特异性吸附,这导致其吸附系数最高;NaOH处理后泥炭土的有机碳含量增加但比表面积可能降低,从而使3种污染物的吸附降低.因此,本研究3种离子型化合物在泥炭土上的吸附受到吸附质的官能团及溶解度、泥炭土的有机碳含量及官能团等多种因素的影响.     

黄河口典型芦苇湿地土壤磷的吸附动力学特征

以黄河口不同淹水条件的芦苇湿地为研究对象（潮汐淹水湿地、淡水恢复湿地和季节性淹水湿地）,通过吸附模拟实验探讨了不同类型湿地表层土壤对磷的吸附动力学特征及其影响因素,评估了不同淹水条件下湿地土壤对磷的吸附能力。研究结果表明：具有不同水盐条件的芦苇湿地土壤对上覆水体中磷的吸附表现为淡水恢复湿地>潮汐淹水湿地>季节性淹水湿地,淡水恢复湿地土壤对磷的吸附量最大;三类湿地土壤对磷的吸附过程均表现为初期（0~3 h）最快、中期（3~24 h）逐渐减慢、后期（24 h以后）慢而平衡的状态,但淡水恢复湿地土壤对磷的吸附速率最快,季节性淹水湿地土壤对磷的吸附速率最慢且存在着时间上的延迟性;三类湿地土壤的水盐条件和理化性质差异（如pH、盐度、土壤质地、Al₀、Fe₀和Ca₀）是导致三类湿地土壤对磷的吸附量和吸附速率存在差异的主要因素;Simple Elovich模型和Power Function模型更适合模拟黄河口芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地土壤对磷的吸附动力学特征。在黄河口退化芦苇湿地实施淡水恢复工程,能够在一定程度上促进湿地土壤对磷的吸附,进而降低湿地水体发生富营养化的风险。     

福州滨海地区菜地和果园土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征

不同农业土地利用方式土壤生态化学计量学特征对于表征土壤养分供应水平具有一定的指示作用,对农田生态系统养分资源管理具有重要意义.为了揭示菜地和果园两种农业土地利用方式土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其生态化学计量学特征,以福州市滨海地区菜地(芋头地、红薯地)和果园(橘树园、西瓜地、梨树园)为研究对象,对菜地和果园农业土地利用方式下土壤C、 N、 P含量及其生态化学计量特征进行测定与分析.结果表明,土壤C、 N含量基本表现为果园>菜地(P<0.05),其中橘树园土壤C含量最高(4.44 g·kg^-1),西瓜地土壤N含量最高(1.46 g·kg^-1).而土壤P含量基本表现为菜地>果园(P<0.05),其中红薯地土壤P含量最高(0.19 g·kg^-1);土壤碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P)和氮磷比(N/P)均表现为果园>菜地(P<0.05),其中,橘树园土壤C/N(7.40)、 C/P(61.43)最高,西瓜地土壤N/P最高(10.27);不同农业土地利用方式下土壤N含量与容重和电导率...     

太原市耕地土壤PAHs的含量、分布、源解析与风险评价

为研究太原市耕地土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、空间分布特征、来源与健康风险,采集了太原市22个耕地土壤样本,通过GC-MS分析土壤中PAHs的含量,使用诊断比率法与正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型分析土壤PAHs的来源,使用增量终生致癌风险模型分析土壤的健康风险.结果表明,太原市耕地土壤(干重)中∑₂₁PAHs和∑₁₆PAHs含量平均值分别为934.6 ng·g^-1和787.7 ng·g^-1,土壤中PAHs含量低于GB 15168-2018规定的农用地土壤污染风险筛选值.工业区、丘陵区和污灌区分别有约60%、 13%和33%的样点的PAHs含量超过了1 000 ng·g^-1.空间分布显示耕地土壤PAHs含量高的区域集中在工业区;诊断比率显示煤炭和生物质燃烧与交通排放是太原市耕地土壤中PAHs污染的主要来源;PMF模型模拟结果表明,耕地土壤中PAHs的来源和贡献率为煤炭和生物质燃烧源(59%)、交通源(22%)和炼焦源(19%).风险评价结果表明太原市耕地土壤普遍具有高致癌风险...     

A technique for cutting brittle undisturbed lateritic soil block samples

This note describes a technique for cutting undisturbed brittleblock samples into smaller specimens for further geotechnical testing. This technique revealed very useful in dealing with collapsible soils, where the sampling is recommended to be donewith block soil samples. A further use of this technique as an efficient way for sampling collapsible soils is proposed.     

The EU-project ERAPharm. Incentives for the further development of guidance documents?

- Triggered by the detection of a large variety of pharmaceuticals in surface waters, soils and groundwaters across the world (e.g. Halling- Sørensen et al. 1998, Daughton & Ternes 1999, Jones et al. 2001, Heberer 2002) and the widespread occurrence of endocrine active compounds and related effects in the environment (e.g. Purdom et al. 1994, Tyler et al. 1998, Vethaak et al. 2002), pharmaceuticals in the environment have become an issue for both the scientific and the public community. During the last few years, our understanding of the fate and effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment has progressed significantly. However, there are still a number of uncertainties concerning the effects of pharmaceuticals on the environment and the assessment of potential exposure (e.g. Hanisch et al. 2004, Salomon 2005). These uncertainties will be addressed by the EU-project ‘Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals’ (ERAPharm). This project, a specific targeted research project, is carried out within the priority ‘Global change and ecosystems’ of the 6th framework programme of the European Union. ERAPharm has started on 1st October 2004; the project duration is three years.     

Hydrogeomorphological Controls on Groundwater Quality in the Rattaphum Catchment (Songkhla Lake Basin), Thailand

The Rattaphum Catchment comprises four major hydrogeomorphic units: mountains, footslopes, plains and inland swamps around a lake system. The area accommodates three main agro-ecosystems: vegetable, rubber and fruits. During the high-rainfall period, groundwater levels rise near to the soil surface in all agro-ecosystems. The high water levels remain for 3–4 months in the coastal plain, while in other areas the groundwater level fluctuates according to the intensity of rainfall events during the 2–3 months of the rainy season. Groundwater salinity is higher near Songkhla Lake and decreases rapidly inland. It is generally lower near streams. Salinity is also lower during periods of higher recharge, increasing slightly during the dry season due to leaching of chemicals from the agricultural areas. In the saturated sandy soils with high hydraulic conductivity and in the vegetable agro-ecosystem areas with high water levels, the NO₃ level in groundwater always exceeds the WHO standard. Variations in NO₃ levels are closely related to patterns of landuse, with higher nitrate levels commonly found in vegetable areas and lower levels associated with fruit and rubber tree plantations. Nearly all groundwater and surface water is contaminated by coliform bacteria, with the level of contamination controlled by groundwater levels, the amount of rainfall and farm activities. Vegetable agro-ecosystems, which have the most intensive cropping system, were found to be the most polluted. In all of the agro-ecosystems, the most polluted period coincided with the first series of rainfall events.     

Evaluating the Risk of Potential Acid Sulfate Soils and Habitat Modification for Mosquito Control (Runneling) in Coastal Salt Marshes: Comparing Methods and Managing the Risk

Coastal environments in Australia are under development pressures. Human settlement encroaches on disease vector salt marsh mosquito breeding areas that are underlain by potential acid sulfate soils (PASS). Altering the hydrology by runneling solves the mosquito problem but may lead to acid sulfate problems. Appropriate analytical tools can assess the risk to the environment. The objective of the research was to compare three methods of assessing PASS. The study area was a low-lying intertidal subtropical salt marsh that was being considered for runneling. The results indicated that using field pH and field peroxide pH (and the relationship between these), and also the peroxide oxidation-combined acidity and sulfate (POCAS) test, appeared to overestimate the potential acidity. This was because the source of acidity in the intertidal salt marsh includes a large organic content, which is not a major environmental concern. The chromium-reducible sulfur test, which is not affected by organic content, was found to provide the most appropriate assessment, and is recommended for use in highly organic salt marshes.     

Phosphine in various matrixes

Matrix-bound phosphine was determined in the Jiaozhou Bay coastal sediment,in prawn-pond bottom soil,in the eutrophic lake Wulongtan,in the sewage sludge and in paddy soil as well.Results showed that matrix-bound phosphine levels in freshwater and coastal sediment,as well as in sewage sludge,are significantly higher than that in paddy soil.The correlation between matrix bound phosphine concentrations and organic phosphorus contents in sediment samples is disecussed.     

东北三江平原土壤氧化CH4研究

三江平原土壤不同深度氧化大气浓度CH4和高浓度CH4的速率具有明显的垂直差异 .2个非淹水土壤整个剖面都具有氧化大气浓度CH4的潜力 ,以表层土的速率为最大 .非淹水的耕作土壤残留的有机质层仍保留了较强的氧化大气浓度CH4潜力 ,氧化CH4速率是耕作层的 2 0倍 .淹水土壤的大部分层次不具有氧化大气浓度CH4的潜力 .所有供试土壤均能消耗高浓度CH4,泥炭含量较高的土壤层次比矿质层氧化高浓度CH4的速率高