电子设备太阳辐射试验系统的研制

对自行研制的电子设备太阳辐射试验系统进行了介绍。设备研制中对试验系统的辐照灯阵进行了优化设计,同时根据环境试验要求,介绍了太阳辐射试验设备研制过程中所遇到的辐射光源选择及强度控制、光谱分布修正和光源启动系统等技术难点,并给出了解决途径。该试验系统研制成功,为考核装备的环境适应性和产品可靠性提供了科学的试验手段。     

A Calibrated,High‐Resolution GOES Satellite Solar Insolation Product for a Climatology of Florida Evapotranspiration1

Paech, Simon J., John R. Mecikalski, David M. Sumner, Chandra S. Pathak, Quinlong Wu, Shafiqul Islam, and Taiye Sangoyomi, 2009. A Calibrated, High‐Resolution GOES Satellite Solar Insolation Product for a Climatology of Florida Evapotranspiration. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1328‐1342. Abstract: Estimates of incoming solar radiation (insolation) from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite observations have been produced for the state of Florida over a 10‐year period (1995‐2004). These insolation estimates were developed into well‐calibrated half‐hourly and daily integrated solar insolation fields over the state at 2 km resolution, in addition to a 2‐week running minimum surface albedo product. Model results of the daily integrated insolation were compared with ground‐based pyranometers, and as a result, the entire dataset was calibrated. This calibration was accomplished through a three‐step process: (1) comparison with ground‐based pyranometer measurements on clear (noncloudy) reference days, (2) correcting for a bias related to cloudiness, and (3) deriving a monthly bias correction factor. Precalibration results indicated good model performance, with a station‐averaged model error of 2.2 MJ m^?2/day (13%). Calibration reduced errors to 1.7 MJ m^?2/day (10%), and also removed temporal‐related, seasonal‐related, and satellite sensor‐related biases. The calibrated insolation dataset will subsequently be used by state of Florida Water Management Districts to produce statewide, 2‐km resolution maps of estimated daily reference and potential evapotranspiration for water management‐related activities.     

O_3、H_2O_2/O_3及UV/O_3在焦化废水深度处理中的应用

采用O3、H2O2/O3和UV/O3等高级氧化技术(AOPs)对某焦化公司的生化出水进行深度处理,考察了O3与废水的接触时间、溶液pH、反应温度等因素对废水COD去除率的影响,确定出O3氧化反应的最佳工艺参数为:接触时间40 min,溶液pH 8.5,反应温度25℃,此条件下废水COD及UV254的去除率最高可达47.14%和73.47%;H2O2/O3及UV/O3两种组合工艺对焦化废水COD及UV254的去除率均有一定程度的提高,但H2O2/O3系统的运行效果取决于H2O2的投加量.研究结论表明,单纯采用COD作为评价指标,并不能准确反映出O3系列AOPs对焦化废水中有机污染物的降解作用.     

Identification and quantification of products formed via photolysis of decabromodiphenyl ether

Background, aim, and scope  Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is used as an additive flame retardant in polymers. It has become a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, particularly abundant in abiotic media, such as sediments, air, and dust, and also present in wildlife and in humans. The main DecaBDE constituent, perbrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), is susceptible to transformations as observed in experimental work. This work is aimed at identifying and assessing the relative amounts of products formed after UV irradiation of BDE-209. Materials and methods  BDE-209, dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol, or combinations of methanol/water, was exposed to UV light for 100 or 200 min. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (electron ionization) for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), methoxylated PBDEs, and phenolic PBDE products. Results  The products formed were hexaBDEs to nonaBDEs, monoBDFs to pentaBDFs, and methoxylated tetraBDFs to pentaBDFs. The products found in the fraction containing halogenated phenols were assigned to be pentabromophenol, dihydroxytetrabromobenzene, dihydroxydibromodibenzofuran, dihydroxytribromodibenzofuran, and dihydroxytetrabromodibenzofuran. The PBDEs accounted for approximately 90% of the total amount of substances in each sample and the PBDFs for about 10%. Discussion  BDE-209 is a source of PBDEs primarily present in OctaBDEs but also to some extent in PentaBDEs, both being commercial products now banned within the EU and in several states within the USA. It is notable that OH-PBDFs have not been identified or indicated in any of the photolysis studies performed to date. Formation of OH-PBDFs, however, may occur as pure radical reactions in the atmosphere. Conclusions  Photolysis of decaBDE yields a wide span of products, from nonaBDEs to hydroxylated bromobenzenes. It is evident that irradiation of decaBDE in water and methanol yields OH-PBDFs and MeO-PBDFs, respectively. BDE-202 (2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octabromodiphenyl ether) is identified as a marker of BDE-209 photolysis. Recommendations and perspectives  BDE-209, the main constituent of DecaBDE, is primarily forming debrominated diphenyl ethers with higher persistence which are more bioaccumulative than the starting material when subjected to UV light. Hence, DecaBDE should be considered as a source of these PBDE congeners in the environment. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

A review on optimization techniques for sizing of solar-wind hybrid energy systems

Solar and wind are inexhaustible, abundant, environmentally friendly and freely available renewable energy sources. Integration of these two sources has always been a complex optimization problem which requires efficient planning, designing and control strategies. Many researchers have designed cost effective and efficient hybrid solar-wind energy systems by using various available software tools and optimization algorithms. With the advancement in artificial intelligence methods, various new optimization techniques have been developed in the last few decades. This paper presents state of the art optimization methods applied to hybrid renewable based energy systems. A brief introduction of each technique is presented along with papers published in different reputed journals. This article also reviews different power management, control strategies and multi-objective optimization methods used for hybrid wind-solar systems. A case study is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of some of the algorithms.     

An affordable green energy source—Evolving through current developments of organic,dye sensitized,and perovskite solar cells

Intensive R&D efforts made in solar photovoltaic area has enabled Si, GaAs, CdTe, and CIGS devices exhibiting nearly ideal efficiencies. However, cost incurred per unit energy does not allow them to qualify for alternate energy source besides environmental issues at production floors. Consequently, search is still continuing not only to reduce cost by improved efficiency, reduced materials cost, and simplified processing resulting in a cleaner and greener technology. Current successes in organic, dye-sensitized, and perovskite solar cells with efficiencies in 10–15% range raise concrete hope for evolving a low cost and green technology involving solution processable organic/inorganic compounds extendable to roll-to-roll production. The current status and future prospects of these three promising routes are reviewed here highlighting the possibility of an emerging alternate green energy source to supplement the conventional ones at commercial level.     

Heterostructure CdS/ZnS nanoparticles as a visible light-driven photocatalyst for hydrogen generation from water

(CdS)_x/(ZnS)_1–x nanoparticles were synthesized as a visible light-driven photocatalyst using the stepped microemulsion technique with a series of the ratio factors (x). The photocatalytic test results showed that (CdS)_x/(ZnS)_1-x with x = 0.8 had the highest photo-reactivity for H₂ production from water under visible light. The composite (CdS)_0.8/(ZnS)_0.2 catalyst had a heterogeneous structure that exhibited a much greater photocatalytic hydrogen production activity than either pure CdS or the homogeneous Cd_0.8Zn_0.2S solid solution. ZnS deposition also was shown to largely improve the stability of CdS in the heterostructured CdS/ZnS catalyst. Thermal treatment of the catalyst, i.e., annealing (CdS)_0.8/(ZnS)_0.2 at 723 K, improved the crystallinity of the catalyst and increased its photocatalytic H₂ production rate by more than 36 times. Deposition of Ru on the surface of the catalyst particles by in situ photo-deposition further increased the photo-H₂ generation rate by 3 times. The photocatalyst of 0.5%Ru/CdS/ZnS achieved the highest H₂ production activity, at a rate of 12650 μmol/g-h and with a light to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of 6.5%.     

近52年太阳活动与江淮梅雨异常关系分析

我国涝灾主要集中在江淮地区,其中6-7月的旱涝,大部分是由梅雨异常引起的。为了研究梅雨的影响因子,利用1954-2005年太阳黑子、江淮地区33站梅雨期降水资料,分析了太阳活动对江淮地区梅雨的影响。研究表明,梅雨量趋势系数的最大值中心位于杭州地区,而太阳活动与杭州地区的梅雨基本上没有关系。太阳活动对江淮地区梅雨量、梅雨强度的影响具有地域性。太阳活动与梅雨量的相关关系由北向南,依次呈现为负相关性、正相关性和负相关性,太阳活动强的年份,江淮地区北部和南部梅雨量偏少,江淮中部梅雨量偏多;太阳活动与梅雨强度的相关关系由北向南,依次呈现正相关性、负相关性,太阳活动强的年份,江淮地区北部梅雨强度较强,江淮南部梅雨强度较弱。合成分析结果表明:太阳活动谷年江淮地区普遍偏涝。     

几种涂层氙弧灯光老化试验加速性研究

太阳辐射是引起有机材料老化的最主要原因,实验室氙弧灯光老化试验具有较高的加速性。本文通过对有机涂层在广州试验站自然暴露试验结果以及实验室氙弧灯光老化试验结果进行对比研究,得到3种常用有机防护涂层的加速倍数,对于1#、2#样品的加速倍数为9,3#样品的加速倍数为6。