pH值、离子强度和重金属离子对腐殖酸紫外谱图的影响

研究pH值、溶液离子强度和金属离子对腐殖酸紫外光谱的影响,分析腐殖酸的结构特征,探讨E3/E4与pH值和溶液离子强度的关系。结果表明,腐殖酸的紫外光谱吸收带,随pH值增大主要发生蓝移。但随溶液离子强度增大,pH值对腐殖酸紫外吸收带的影响逐渐降低直至不影响。随溶液离子强度增大,腐殖酸的紫外光谱吸收带都发生红移、吸收强度增大。且腐殖酸的E3/E4值与溶液离子强度具有显著的正相关性。腐殖酸的紫外光谱中的吸收带,随投加Cu2+或Cd2+浓度增大而发生红移。     

紫外-氯顺序灭活地下水源水中真菌的效能

以地下水源水中真菌为研究对象,研究了单独紫外线灭活、单独氯灭活以及紫外线-氯顺序灭活的灭菌效果,同时对单独消毒剂灭活进行了动力学研究,确定了其动力学参数。结果表明：单独紫外线灭活时,在相同紫外剂量（I·t）下,高紫外强度（I）下真菌的灭活效果优于低紫外强度的灭活效果;紫外线灭活符合一级光化学反应,其速率常数k为0.044~0.077 cm2·（mW·s）-1。单独氯灭活时,氯浓度2.0 mg·L-1,作用30 min,真菌灭活率达到95%;氯衰减符合一级衰减模型,即氯灭活真菌符合一级动力学反应,其速率常数k为0.056~0.081 L·（mg·s）-1。紫外线-氯顺序灭活时,高紫外剂量-低加氯量可以达到低紫外剂量-高加氯量的灭活效果;真菌完全灭活时,紫外剂量从5 mJ·cm-2增加到30 mJ·cm-2,加氯量可降低1~2 mg·L-1,减少了消毒副产物的生成量,降低了生态环境风险;紫外线与氯顺序灭活具有协同效应。     

北京市温榆河-北运河水系水质空间分布特征研究

采用水体三维荧光光谱(3D-EEMs)结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)方法,研究了温榆河-北运河水系溶解性有机物(DOM)的荧光组分及其空间分布特征,并对沿岸污水处理厂、支流、干流的水质参数及其DOM组分之间的相互作用进行了分析。结果表明:温榆河-北运河水系干流溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度与各支流接近,总磷浓度从上游到下游逐渐降低,氨氮和总磷污染严重。水体DOM共存在2类(4种)荧光组分,包括类腐殖质组分(类腐殖酸,C1;类富里酸,C2)和类蛋白组分(类色氨酸,C3;微生物代谢产物,C4)。污水处理厂出水汇入各支流后,水体DOM中的类腐殖质组分的比例上升。荧光比例显示,各河流DOM以C3组分为主,占比为24.76%~40.27%。水体荧光指数(1.58~1.72)、自生源指数(0.96~1.17)及腐殖化指数(0.74~0.81)计算结果指明,该水体的DOM组成具有内源和外源的双重特性,整体腐殖化程度低且自生源特性强。DOC与C1、C2和C4组分呈现极显著正相关,表明荧光组分可用于动态跟踪河流有机物;总氮与C1、C2组分呈极显著正相关,说明类腐殖质组分会对氮污染物浓度产生重要影响;总磷与自生源指数呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),表现为DOM腐殖化程度越高,总磷浓度越低。     

The global solar radiation estimation and analysis of solar energy: Case study for Osmaniye,Turkey

This paper investigates the prediction of solar radiation model and actual solar energy in Osmaniye, Turkey. Four models were used to estimate using the parameters of sunshine duration and average temperature. In order to obtain the statistical performance analysis of models, the coefficient of determination (R²), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean absolute bias error (MABE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used. Results obtained from the linear regression using the parameters of sunshine duration and average temperature showed a good prediction of the monthly average daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface. In order to obtain solar energy, daily and monthly average solar radiation values were calculated from the five minute average recorded values by using meteorological measuring device. As a result of this measurement, the highest monthly and yearly mean solar radiation values were 698 (April in 2013) and 549 (2014 year) W/m² respectively. On an annual scale the maximum global solar radiation changes from 26.38 MJ/m²/day by June to 19.19 MJ/m²/day by September in 2013. Minimum global solar radiation changes from 14.05 MJ/m²/day by October to 7.20 MJ/m²/day by January in 2013. Yearly average energy potential during the measurement period was 16.53 MJ/m²/day (in 2013). The results show that Osmaniye has a considerable solar energy potential to produce electricity.     

O3/UV降解喹啉过程中的毒性变化

利用发光细菌新鲜菌悬液进行毒性测试，研究了O3／UV降解喹啉过程中的毒性变化．研究表明，在选取的浓度范围内，无论是HgCl2还是喹啉，发光细菌发光抑制率(或相对发光量)与物质浓度的对数均呈线性关系．采用处于对数生长期初期的发光细菌进行毒性测试时的灵敏度和最低检测限都很理想，适合于毒性测试．O3／UV降解喹啉时，体系毒性出现先迅速上升并保持一段时间随后缓慢下降然后又缓慢上升的现象．O3／UV降解喹啉过程中产生了毒性更强的中间产物，这些产物是导致体系毒性上升的主要因素。     

溶液中阴离子和腐殖酸对UV/H2O2降解2,4-二氯酚的影响

研究了UV/H2O2工艺对2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)的去除效果和水中阴离子、腐殖酸对该工艺降解2,4-DCP的影响.结果表明:UV/H2O2工艺可以有效地去除水中2,4-DCP,光降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型;在H2O2投加量为8 mg/L、1个30 W低压汞灯照射下,2,4-DCP在蒸馏水和自来水中反应速率常数分别为0.023 2、0.016 2 min-1;NO-3、Cl-、HCO-3对2,4-DCP光降解有抑制作用,当3种阴离子摩尔浓度为0.5、10.0、20.0 mmol/L时,对2,4-DCP光降解的抑制程度为HCO-3＞NO-3＞Cl-;腐殖酸在低浓度时,促进光降解反应进行,在高浓度时,2,4-DCP的光降解受到抑制.自来水中的反应速率常数低于蒸馏水中的反应速率常数是由于水中多种阴离子和腐殖酸影响的结果.     

基于毒性效应的非目标化学品鉴别技术进展

现代社会大量化学品的生产与广泛使用造成了地表水、地下水、沉积物、土壤等环境受到污染,并对人体健康和生态系统构成威胁。基于毒性效应的关键致毒物质鉴别技术(effect directed analysis,EDA)已经在水体、沉积物的致毒物筛选方面得到了一定的应用。但是由于污染物组成复杂、范围广、基质干扰高、同分异构体广泛存在、人工合成标样缺少等问题,非目标致毒化合物的鉴别成为了EDA的瓶颈技术。逐渐发展的色谱与质谱技术、数据库指标在化合物筛选识别中发挥了重要作用。本文综述了基于高分辨质谱,数据库搜索,色谱保留特征,模型构建来筛选识别化合物的方法,总结了近年来化合物筛选识别方法在环境新型污染物及药物筛选等方面的应用并分析了化合物筛选识别所存在的问题与应用前景。这些方法可以提高非目标化合物筛选的准确性和通量,减少样品复杂性和基质干扰带来的负面影响,从而有利于未知化合物的确定。     

Turbulent kinetic energy budgets in a model canopy: comparisons between LES and wind-tunnel experiments

A comparative study of turbulence in a wind-tunnel model canopy is performed, using Large eddy simulation (LES) and experimental data from PIV and hot-wire anemometry measurements. The model canopy is composed of thin cylindrical stalks. In the LES, these are represented using a plant-scale approach, while the scale-dependent Lagrangian dynamic model is used as subgrid-scale model. LES predictions of turbulence statistics and energy spectra are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets from the LES simulation are analyzed to provide more information absent in the measurements. Results confirm that sloshing motions at the low levels of the canopy are mainly driven by pressure fluctuations. A difference between the energy flux obtained from the energy spectrum and the SGS dissipation rate is observed, consistent with a spectral bypass mechanism in which the real spectral flux due to cascade is smaller than that implied by the energy-spectrum level, due to direct drain by the canopy.     

Structuring pelagic trophic networks from the biomass size spectra

The selection and establishment of the structure (number and compartments, aggregation criteria, and trophic links) of the food webs is a critical task in trophic modelling. The present work proposes a systematic method to structure trophic networks in pelagic food webs. The biomass-size spectrum (BSS) is a well-established approach to analyze the structure of pelagic communities, and the body size is especially related to the ecological role of the organisms in the pelagic environment. To structure food webs, this work uses detailed arrangements of the community in size classes with increasing widths (like Sheldon-type BSS) as first aggregation criteria, and BSS theory as a framework to integrate the available knowledge about feeding selectivity in order to obtain a method to identify the trophic links between compartments. Diet composition matrices were estimated through the combination of a probability of encounter for each food type and a specific probability of ingestion related to the food size selectivity and other food quality characteristics (e.g., morphology and nutritional quality). The feasibility of this approach has been illustrated through data of size-structured communities extracted from the literature including different planktonic predator guilds (nanoflagellates, cladoceran-dominated zooplankton and copepod-dominated zooplankton) in a high mountain lake (La Caldera, Spain), two subtropical wetland lakes (meso-oligotrophic Laguna Galarza and eutrophic Laguna Iberá, Argentina) and a marine microcosm (Alborán Sea, Mediterranean). The identification of “who eats whom” and “by how much” also allows for more accurate analyses of the trophic control in the BSS. Extensive analyses of the balance between top-down and bottom-up controls were developed for the feeding interactions of the study cases.     

4种高级氧化法处理高浓度正丙醇废水的动力学比较

研究了1%和10%(V/V)模拟正丙醇废水在UV/TiO2体系、UV/H2O2体系、Fe2+/H2O2体系和UV/TiO2/Fe2+/H2O2体系等4种工艺条件下的降解动力学过程,对比了降解动力学特点及工艺参数对动力学常数的影响,优化工艺参数。结果表明,UV/TiO2体系和Fe2+/H2O2体系的降解过程可分为零级反应阶段和一级反应阶段,转折点分别在反应开始后2 h和氧化剂浓度为6.7 g/L,UV/H2O2体系和UV/TiO2/Fe2+/H2O2体系分别符合零级反应和一级反应规律;相同工艺参数条件下,6 h反应后,组合工艺UV/TiO2/Fe2+/H2O2体系在处理效率达85%,比前3个体系分别高52.0%、8.3%和32.0%,与UV/TiO2体系和Fe2+/H2O2体系的处理效率之和持平,其协同效应提高了速率常数,在目标物浓度降低时依然可维持较高降解速率。而目标物浓度提高10倍后,UV能量利用率提高35.5倍,氧化剂用量是Fe2+/H2O2体系的1/7.1。