高速公路生活区污水处理初探

通过对高速公路生活区污水特点的分析及各种生活污水处理的工艺比较向人们提供一种适合高速公路生活区污水处理的工艺。     

New microbial electrosynthesis system for methane production from carbon dioxide coupled with oxidation of sulfide to sulfate

Microbial electrosynthesis system (MES) is a promising method that can use carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, to produce methane which acts as an energy source, without using organic substances. However, this bioelectrical reduction reaction can proceed at a certain high applied voltage when coupled with water oxidation in the anode coated with metallic catalyst. When coupled with the oxidation of HS^– to SO₄²⁻, methane production is thermodynamically more feasible, thus implying its production at a considerably lower applied voltage. In this study, we demonstrated the possibility of electrotrophic methane production coupled with HS^– oxidation in a cost-effective bioanode chamber in the MES without organic substrates at a low applied voltage of 0.2 V. In addition, microbial community analyses of biomass enriched in the bioanode and biocathode were used to reveal the most probable pathway for methane production from HS^– oxidation. In the bioanode, electroautotrophic SO₄²⁻ production accompanied with electron donation to the electrode is performed mainly by the following two steps: first, incomplete sulfide oxidation to sulfur cycle intermediates (SCI) is performed; then the produced SCI are disproportionated to HS^– and SO₄²⁻. In the biocathode, methane is produced mainly via H₂ and acetate by electron-accepting syntrophic bacteria, homoacetogens, and acetoclastic archaea. Here, a new eco-friendly MES with biological H₂S removal is established.     

气浮-生物接触氧化法深度处理再生纸生产废水

在化学絮凝 气浮方法基础上 ,深度处理再生纸生产废水生物接触氧化法。运行情况表明 :该治理工艺处理效率高 ,中间水回用连续稳定 ,排放废水稳定达标 ,生产废水回用率达 85 %以上     

膜载Fe~(3+)/TiO_2光催化降解4-氟苯甲酸的研究

用自制半导体纳米Fe3+/TiO2玻璃薄膜,在高压汞灯下进行了光催化降解4-氟苯甲酸的研究。结果表明,反应光强、催化剂用量、pH值、溶解氧含量等反应条件改变对光催化降解效率具有显著的影响,光催化降解4-氟苯甲酸反应为一级动力学方程。     

Enhanced solar still productivity using transparent walls with an integral trough and organic porous absorber material

This experimental work has been conducted to compare the performance of the modified stills with that of the conventional still. Three modified stills (S1, S2, and S3) and conventional still (S4) were fabricated, each with 0.5 m² of the basin area. S1 and S3 had transparent double glass walls with air in between acting as insulation, whereas S2 has a single transparent wall. S4 has insulated plywood walls painted black from inside. A mixture of coco peat and charcoal was used in S1, S2, and S3, whereas there was no basin material for S4. Experiments were conducted by changing the water quantity in the solar still ranging from 5 to 10 kg. Maximum distillate output of 5.46 l/m²-d was obtained for S2, whereas it was 3.80 l/m²-d for S4 for an average solar radiation intensity of 675 W/m² (24.3 MJ/m²-d). Use of transparent walls with troughs to collect condensate increased the condenser area by 78.4%. The distillate water cost per liter was estimated as Rs. 0.86 (0.013 US$) and Rs. 1.61 (0.025 US$) for S2 and S4, respectively. Energy payback time for S2 was estimated as 4 months. Theoretical and experimental values showed that there is a significant loss of incoming solar radiation due to wall shadow.     

The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on long-term stability of partial nitrification process

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is regarded as one of the crucial factors to influence partial nitrification process. However, achieving and keeping stable partial nitrification under different DO concentrations were widely reported. The mechanism of DO concentration influencing partial nitrification is still unclear. Therefore, in this study two same sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) cultivated same seeding sludge were built up with real-time control strategy. Different DO concentrations were controlled in SBRs to explore the effect of DO concentration on the long-term stability of partial nitrification process at room temperature. It was discovered that ammonium oxidation rate (AOR) was inhibited when DO concentration decreased from 2.5 to 0.5 mg/L. The abundance of Nitrospira increased from 10^11.5 to 10^13.7 copies/g DNA, and its relative percentage increased from 0.056% to 3.2% during 190 operational cycles, causing partial nitrification gradually turning into complete nitrification process. However, when DO was 2.5 mg/L the abundance of Nitrospira was stable and AOB was always kept at 10^10.7 copies/g DNA. High AOR was maintained, and stable partial nitrification process was kept. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity was significantly higher than nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity at DO of 2.5 mg/L, which was crucial to maintain excellent nitrite accumulation performance.     

微波水热合成花球状BiOCl光催化降解甲硝唑

以五水硝酸铋,氯化钾,乙二醇和P123为原料,用微波水热合成法制备出具有花球状的BiOCl.通过优化微波功率,温度和微波保持时间3种因素,发现微波功率为600W,温度为120℃,保持时间为30min时制备的BiOCl在模拟太阳光下对甲硝唑的降解效果最为显著.利用XRD和SEM对制备的BiOCl进行表征,考察了BiOCl的晶体结构和表面特征.同时研究了BiOCl投加量,甲硝唑浓度及pH值对甲硝唑降解的影响.结果表明,当BiOCl的投加量为2g/L,甲硝唑的初始浓度为5mg/L,体系初始pH值为3时,BiOCl对甲硝唑的降解效果达到98.3%.通过自由基捕获剂实验,发现光催化降解甲硝唑反应中的主要活性物种为空穴（h⁺）和过氧自由基（·O₂^-）.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理磁混凝生活污水

以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为处理对象,构建了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化分体式反应器,通过曝气调控与生物强化促进部分亚硝化反应的稳定进行,并耦合厌氧氨氧化反应进行深度脱氮.近100d的运行结果表明,在生物强化和间歇曝气的控制条件下,亚硝酸盐积累率达到了89.93%;提高亚硝化反应器中曝气阶段溶解氧浓度（从0.6~0.8mg/L升高至1.0~1.2mg/L）有利于氨氮与总氮去除.该系统最高能够去除95.45%的氨氮和86.28%的总氮,实现了稳定、高效脱氮;磁混凝预处理后的生活污水在亚硝化反应器中,间歇曝气条件促进了残留的溶解性有机物为反硝化提供碳源,COD总去除率达到64.65%~74.42%,并且亚硝化反应器出水与系统最终出水的有机物组分相似,主要为难降解有机物.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性

为探究厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外金属元素特性,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥根据粒径筛分为0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm 3组,提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）,研究EPS金属元素特性.结果表明,蛋白质（PN）是厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分,占EPS含量的84.2%以上.随着粒径的增大,EPS中Na、K、Ca、Mg元素含量均增多,且与EPS中蛋白质含量变化一致.EPS中K、Ca、Mg元素的离子形式占比分别为68.6%、56.2%、94.7%.EPS经过阳离子交换树脂（CER）处理后,0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm组EPS Zeta电位分别减小了4.7,7.2,9.1mV,EPS中的金属离子可通过压缩双电层作用促进颗粒污泥的聚集,金属离子对大粒径颗粒污泥EPS Zeta电位的影响幅度更大.     

基于氨氮,硝氮及乙酸条件下Anammox菌的培养

为探讨Anammox菌在氨氮、硝氮及乙酸条件下的富集特性,采用某城市污水处理厂A²/O系统中的生物填料作为MBBR的载体直接启动并运行.结果表明,在NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N及乙酸为基质的培养条件下,Anammox菌可在部分反硝化和厌氧氨氧化协同作用下快速富集.经过130d的富集培养,MBBR处理负荷（以N计）达到920.79mg/（m²·d）,Anammox活性（以NH₄⁺-N计）达到3 018.19mg/（m²·d）.高通量结果显示,经富集培养后,Ca.Brocadia占比从0.89%增至27.80%,为Anammox菌的主导菌属;Thauera占比从0.01%增至6.75%,Flavobacterium占比从0.29%增至11.72%,为部分反硝化菌的主导菌属.