青海湖高寒湿地生态系统夏季CO2通量日变化及其影响因子研究

利用涡度相关技术对青海湖高寒湿地生态系统夏季CO２通量日变化特征进行分析,并且结合气象观测数据对CO２通量日变化的影响因子进行探讨。结果表明,青海湖高寒湿地生态系统夏季CO２通量日变化呈“U”字型,白天8：00—20：00 CO２通量值为负,其他时间为正,最低值出现在12：30,为-15.34 μmol·m-2·s-1。CO２通量日平均值为-3.65 μmol·m-2·s-1（约-13.87 g·m-2·d-1）,表现为明显的CO２吸收,是重要的碳汇。CO２通量与净辐射、气温和表层土壤温度的相关性分析表明,净辐射是影响青海湖高寒湿地生态系统夏季CO２通量日变化的主要因子,气温次之,表层土壤温度对CO２通量的影响最小。采用多元回归分析得出CO２通量与各个影响因子之间的关系符合三元一次线性回归方程,R2=0.689,且达到极显著水平（P〈0.01）。     

对羧基苯偶氮硫代若丹宁固相萃取光度法测定环境样品中的铅

合成了新试剂对羧基苯偶氮硫代若丹宁(CPATR),并用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和元素分析鉴定其结构。研究了CPATR与铅的显色反应,在pH3 8的HAc—NaAc缓冲介质中,吐温-80存在下,CPATR与铅反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可被WatersSep-PakC18小柱固相萃取,小柱上富集的络合物用乙醇洗脱后富集倍数可达50倍,在乙醇介质中,λmax=500nm,体系摩尔吸光系数ε=8.01×104L·mol-1·cm-1。铅含量在0 05～4 0mg/L内符合比耳定律。本方法可用于环境样品中铅含量的测定,结果满意。     

小城镇固体废弃物处理调查研究

我国小城镇固体废弃物污染问题日趋严重,从小城镇实际情况出发,提出切实可行的固体废弃物处理办法和技术是当务之急.本文采用典型调查的方式,对我国7个典型小城镇进行实地调查,总结出了我国小城镇固体废弃物的特点,固体废弃物处理现状以及固体废弃物处理方面的规划,指出了我国小城镇在固体废弃物处理方面存在的问题,并就如何改善小城镇固体废弃物处理提出了建议.调查结果为小城镇固体废弃物的处理办法和技术研究提供了依据.     

半刚性路面基层环境影响评价研究

采用输人输出模型,通过清单分析和归一化处理对我国典型的路面基层材料水泥稳定粒料与石灰稳定粒料以及几种工业固体废弃物路面基层材料的环境影响进行了研究并和水泥混凝土进行了对比.结果表明,工业固体废弃物路面基层对资源能源消耗量少,生产过程中固体废弃物、温室气体、酸雨气体的排放量小.和我国目前广泛使用的水泥稳定粒料相比,其环境影响较小,而且可以被再循环用作水泥生产的混合材,是一类典型的生态建筑材料.     

内循环流化床烟气脱硫装置结构及流化性能

提出了开发一种新型内循环流化床烟气脱硫装置的设想,通过不同型式床顶、床底结构的试验,确定了实现这一构想的最佳流化床结构型式;研究了冷态条件下该装置内床料流化的状态及固含率轴向分布情况,初步考察了其流体力学性质.实验结果表明,气速在2.5～5m/s时,装置能实现大量固体颗粒的内循环,床料在床内的运动呈"环-核"结构,床内固体颗粒物浓度高于传统等径流化床,可将其用于烟气脱硫工艺.     

估算天津环境中γ-HCH归宿的逸度模型

以全天津市为研究区域,利用稳态假设的逸度模型,用Matlab软件计算了γ-HCH(林丹)在环境各相中的浓度和相间迁移通量.γ-HCH在天津气、水、土壤、沉积物、鱼、作物、蔬菜各相中的浓度分别为1.57×10^-11、7.95×10^-7、1.17 × 10^-4、4.58×10^-4、6.03×10^-4、1.60×10^-4和6.42×10^-5mol/m³,在数量级上与实测值吻合很好.估算结果表明农业施用和农药厂废水是该地区环境中γ-HCH最主要的来源,最大的汇是土壤和沉积相(占环境中总量的99%),最主要的迁移过程是水-沉、气-土的扩散和沉降,土壤和沉积物中的降解是γ-HCH消失的最主要途径.     

东北强降水时空变化的特征和原因分析

利用东北地区近45 a(1961-2005年)4-9月逐日降水量资料计算了强降水集中度和集中期,分析了强降水集中度和集中期时空变化特征,讨论了影响强降水集中度和集中期的环流特征变化。结果发现,东北强降水集中度与强降水有很好的相关性,对于强降水有着很好的指示作用。从空间分布上看东北雨季强降水集中度由东向西趋于集中。从时间变化方面来看,1960年代中期到1980年代初,强降水集中度处于低值区,而在1991年之后东北地区强降水集中度大多处于高值区。强降水集中期仅在1970年代处于低值偏多的时期。对于东北不同区域大部分地区(除东北西北部外)在1990年代之后集中度都有所增加,集中度大值年出现的频率增加,而东北西北部的变化正好相反。东北地区强降水集中度偏高时,东北地区整层处于低压中心,在东北东部海面上有高压存在。东北地区存在着偏西气流和东南暖湿气流的交汇,在40～50°N纬度范围内高度场呈"+－+"波动。集中度偏高时东北东部地区有上升的垂直速度中心,并且上升速度随高度升高(300 hPa以下)而增强。东北地区水汽主要来源于鄂霍次克海冷湿空气。在东北地区存在着水汽通量散度的负距平中心,形成水汽异常辐合区,有利于强降水的出现。     

Hazardous waste management in educational and research centers: a case study

The hazardous waste management (HWM) practice at Tehran University of Medical Sciences Central Campus, Iran, was investigated in this study. Four schools were selected and the required information such as type and amount of wastes, temporary storage methods, waste discharge frequency, and final waste disposal methods using sampling, questionnaires, interviews with laboratory staff, and reference to available documents were gathered. The quantity of hazardous waste generation per year excluding the uncontrolled wastewater was found to be 2.072 tons per year. The obtained results show that wastes having features of being infectious, toxic, ignitable, carcinogenic, corrosive, and reactive were present at 32%, 28%, 16%, 14%, 8%, and 2%, respectively. In the central campus, hazardous solid wastes managed with household solid wastes and hazardous liquid waste were discharged into the sinks without any kind of control; improper HWM practices are evident from the point of waste production to final disposal.     

Oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl imidazole for solid phase extraction and preconcentration of some metal ions

In this work, a new procedure for the enrichment of the trace amount of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions based on the utilization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified with 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl imidazole as chelating agent prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry has been described. The influence of effective parameters including pH, amount of ligand and MWCNT, composition of eluent, and coexisting ions on recoveries of understudy metal ions was examined. At the optimum pH of 5.0, all metal ions were quantitatively sorbed onto the proposed solid phase and completely desorbed with 8?mL of 5.0?mol?L^?1 HNO₃. The detection limit of Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions was 1.7, 2.4, 2.3, 2.9, 2.8, and 1.4?µg?L^?1, while the preconcentration factor was 63 for Cu²⁺ and 94 for the other metal ions and relative standard deviations between 1.8 less than 3.0%. The proposed procedure was applied for the analysis of various samples.     

Determination of cadmium in water and herbal medicine by Penicillium chrysogenum immobilized on silica gel for flame atomic absorption spectroscopy

Penicillium chrysogenum was immobilized on silica to develop a simple and cost effective method for solid phase extraction of Cd(II) and determination using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The sorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and packed into a column. The conditions for quantitative sorption and desorption of Cd(II) were optimized. The preconcentration factor was 100 while detection limit was 0.61 µg L^?1 with a relative standard deviation of 1.0%. The method was applied for determination of Cd in herbal medicine and tap water.