Municipal solid waste management in Dalian: practices and challenges

The fast growing of urban areas in developing countries has brought serious problems on municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It will be rational to adopt an integrated approach to deal with such a challenge so that the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management could be improved. To better examine how attributes of integrated MSW management are being interpreted and put into practice, and to explore what changes should be made to improve the application of integrated MSW management, we employ a case study method so that lessons learned could be used to inform initiatives in other cities and the potential solution may offer feasible strategies. The case study city is Dalian, a typical seaport city with fast growing rate in economy. The outcomes of this case study show us that fragmented management structure, ineffective and inefficient enforcement of relevant regulations, backward technologies, limited financial resources and lack of public participation are main barriers for the implementation of integrated MSW management. Consequently, in order to overcome these barriers, we propose an integrated management framework on MSW management, aiming to maximize the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management.     

中国城市垃圾典型可行焚烧技术的综合评价

中国城市垃圾处理的主要方式正在由卫生填埋向垃圾焚烧转变. 基于中国城市垃圾焚烧处置需求特征分析,建立了技术评价指标体系,采用层次分析法,从技术的可靠性、经济性和适用性三方面,对国内外现有4种主要城市垃圾焚烧技术进行了综合评价. 结果表明:流化床技术和层燃技术在技术成熟度、技术能力和二NFDA1英污染控制等方面相对可靠,适用于我国多数大城市的垃圾焚烧处置. 国产流化床焚烧技术更加适应当前国内垃圾分类水平较差的大部分城市;层状焚烧技术则比较适用于城市垃圾管理水平高、垃圾分类较好、热值较高、垃圾处置集中度高和规模较大的城市;旋转焚烧和热解焚烧技术则较适用于垃圾成分复杂、尺寸不均匀的小城镇、工业园区垃圾处置或医疗废物处置,但二者均需加强二NFDA1英排放控制.      

小型生活垃圾填埋场设计洪水计算方法的选择

以甘肃省静宁县威戎镇生活垃圾填埋场为例,对目前在计算小型生活垃圾填埋场洪峰流量时通常采用的几种方法进行了比较及合理性分析。研究认为,对于上游汇水面积为特小流域的小型生活垃圾填埋场,设计洪水的防洪标准应按照50年一遇设计、100年一遇校核,按照有、无降雨资料推荐了合理的计算公式,为小型生活垃圾填埋场设计洪水计算方法的确定提供了参考。     

工业和建筑固体废弃物再生研究

为了减轻我国的工业/建筑固体废弃物的污染压力,通过对工业和建筑固体废物、粉煤灰、水泥以及外加剂的组合配比实验,优化制作具有轻质高性能的混凝土建筑砌块的方法,并对所研制的混凝土砌块的强度和导热性能进行了测试,最终结果显示砌块性能良好。预计此类复合建筑材料可以在未来的市政建筑中发挥应有的作用。     

城市生活垃圾卧式气流分选特性研究

利用处理能力100 kg/h的卧式气流分选机开展生活垃圾中塑料分选实验。实验结果表明:进风角度为10°、15°时,分别对应存在>8.5 m/s、7.7～9.3 m/s的风速范围,使塑料的纯度和分选效率达到80%以上;利用Fluent软件模拟,结果表明:进风角度>15°时,分选机内气流复杂,塑料纯度和分选效率的波动性大,仅存在较窄的风速范围可使总纯度和分选效率同时达到80%以上。     

烧结机头电除尘灰的处理与利用

针对烧结机头除尘灰的组成和特点进行分析,探讨了目前国内钢铁企业对烧结机头除尘灰处理的现状和存在的问题,对烧结机头除尘灰固体废弃物的处理与利用技术的发展提出了一些建议和展望。     

Changes in CO2 flux for different recovery processes of desertification in the alpine meadows of Northwest Sichuan北大核心CSCD

Desertification has emerged as a serious threat to the alpine meadows of Northwest Sichuan in recent decades. Artificial vegetation had certain effects on desertification recovery, while how the CO2 flux changed and its reasons are still unclear. During the growing season in 2016 (i.e., from July to September), we selected the desertified alpine meadows with different recovery degrees, including the early stage of restoration, the middle stage of restoration, the late stage of restoration, and control (the unrecovered desertification meadow) as four transects. CO2 flux was measured by the instrument LI-8100, and the microenvironment factors that affected CO2 flux changes were analyzed. The results showed that the carbon sequestration function of desertified alpine meadows gradually increased with the degree of recovery. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were -1.61, -3.55, and -4.38 μmol m-2 s-1 in the early, mid-term, and late transects, respectively, and the most dramatic changes occurred from the early stage to mid-term stage, increasing by 120.50%. Both ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil respiration (SR) were enhanced significantly with restoration (P < 0.05). In mid or late July, NEE, ER, and SR reached their maximum values, and thereafter, the indicators varied to near zero (P < 0.05). During the whole growing season, the daily dynamic in CO2 flux for the control alpine meadow was mild and retained the trend of continuous release all day, but that in the desertified alpine meadow was a single peak pattern. Moreover, with restoration process, the peak of CO2 flux increased and reached a peak in the late stage of the recovery process. The regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between CO2 flux and vegetation coverage, aboveground biomass, and soil moisture (0-5 cm) (P < 0.01), and a weak correlation with 0-5-cm soil temperature (P < 0.01). This indicates that topsoil moisture (5 cm) is a more significant factor for CO2 flux than topsoil temperature during the growing season in the restoration of desertified alpine meadows in Northwest Sichuan. In general, the vegetation recovery significantly improved the carbon-sequestration ability of the desertified alpine meadows during the growing season in Northwest Sichuan, and at the middle stage of restoration, the carbon-sequestration ability improved significantly due to vegetation restoration and increase in topsoil (0-5 cm) moisture. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

铝土矿海上运输安全风险研究综述

基于易流态化固体散装货物的定义,将具有类似特性的铝土矿作为研究对象,通过梳理易流态化固体散装货物海上运输风险的研究现状,评述2类研究方法——船舶与海洋工程方法和系统安全工程方法,探讨货物含水量及其本质物理属性作为热点的研究脉络,研讨作为承载工具的船舶适装性及其稳性特征,论述自然环境对船舶和货物的影响,探究船舶营运的全过程风险,归纳了有关流态化机理的研究结论。铝土矿安全运输的研究和实践表明国际航运业对铝土矿船运时的流态化机理尚不清晰、研究方法不足、应对措施不强,展望未来应开展以下工作:健全铝土矿海上运输监管机制、强化铝土矿与散货船的耦合机理研究、开展铝土矿运输船舶营运的过程风险研究、推进铝土矿海运安全风险管理的智能化。     

白洋淀夏季入淀区沉积物间隙水-上覆水水质特征及交换通量分析

为揭示白洋淀夏季入淀区上覆水-间隙水氮磷营养盐相互作用,本研究于2019年7月对白洋淀主要6条入淀河流取样,通过分析上覆水、间隙水水质特征以及营养盐在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量,评估了营养盐扩散对沉积物与上覆水的影响.结果表明白洋淀水质呈弱碱性;溶解氧（DO）含量较低,为沉积物内源污染物的释放提供了厌氧环境;氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度在0.35~1.76mg·L^-1,作为主要给水来源的潴龙河淀区最高;硝氮（NO₃^--N）浓度在0.75~1.97mg·L^-1;溶解性总氮（TDN）浓度在0.99~2.70mg·L^-1,位于自然区的S2瀑河含量最高;溶解性总磷（TDP）浓度在0.03~0.15mg·L^-1,靠近居民区的白沟引河含量最高.间隙水氨氮浓度在5.24~10.64mg·L^-1,是上覆水体的10倍,内源污染严重;硝氮浓度在0.36~0.79mg·L^-1;溶解性总氮浓度在5.36~12.02mg·L^-1,是上覆水体的5倍;溶解性总磷浓度在0.03~0.3mg·L^-1.应用综合污染指数法对水质进行评价发现间隙水污染程度远高于上覆水,各采样点呈现出严重污染状态.对NH₄⁺-N、TDN和TDP进行交换通量分析显示,NH₄⁺-N的扩散通量在1.71~7.43mg·（m²·d）^-1,作为保定市纳污河流的府河采样点内源氨氮向上覆水扩散速率最快;TDN的扩散通量除白沟引河较低,其余5个采样点均值达到9.11mg·（m²·d）^-1,夏季水体中溶解氧含量较低且沉积物-水界面TDN浓度差较大,导致沉积物中含氮营养盐在厌氧条件下大量释放到上覆水中,对水质造成严重污染;萍河采样点TDP的扩散通量是负值表示上覆水体的磷污染物向沉积物聚集的状态,剩余5个采样点的扩散通量范围在0.03~0.16mg·（m²·d）^-1,表现出磷营养盐向上覆水释放的状态.扩散通量显示内源污染物是上覆水污染物的重要来源,为有效治理入淀区水质,沉积物氮磷营养盐的清淤处理迫在眉睫.     

猪粪中典型类固醇雌激素的固相萃取/GC-MS检测

以猪粪中常见且具有较大潜在危害的E1(雌酮),17α-E2(17α-雌二醇),17β-E2(17β-雌二醇)和E3(雌三醇)为研究对象,建立了猪粪中这4种典型类固醇雌激素的GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱)分析检测方法.着重优化了样品的前处理方法,包括对超声提取剂、超声提取时间、固相萃取淋洗剂、衍生化温度和时间的优化选择.结果表明:在优化的试验条件下,猪粪中的典型雌激素E1,17α-E2,17β-E2和E3检出限分别为8.0,2.5,5.1和3.3 μg/kg,平均加标回收率在92.3%～137.4%之间.