Persistence of the De-Icing Additive Benzotriazole at an Abandoned Airport

The environmental fate of many of the additives in the deicing agents used at airports is poorly understood. One and two years after deicing activities ceased, soil and groundwater samples were taken at an abandoned airport. Benzotriazole (BT), a corrosion and flame inhibitor, was found in low concentrations in soils along runways (mean 0.33 mg/kg), at a snow disposal site (0.66 mg/kg), as well as in sediments of a drainage ditch (13 mg/kg). Locally, high BT concentrations were found in the groundwater below the deicing pad, the regeneration plant and the snow disposal site (1.2 to 1100 g/l). Methyl substituted triazoles or tolytriazoles (MeBT) were found in concentrations less than 10% of the BT concentration. Propylene glycol was not detected in soil samples and in only one of the groundwater samples. Microtox tests of the water samples revealed no acute toxic response, however a reduction in nitrification rate was observed (14–43%). The nitrification response could not be related directly to the BT concentration in the samples, although samples with a high BT concentration showed the largest reduction in nitrification rate. BT showed very little sorption in various soil matrices, only peat and compost with a high organic carbon content showed significant sorption. Sorption could be best described using a Freundlich isotherm. These results indicate a high mobility and possibly long persistence of BT in soil and groundwater, which may be attributed to the absence of microbial degradation of BT.     

Modelling Thiocyanate Adsorption onto Surfactant-Modified Coir Pith, an Agricultural Solid ‘Waste’

Thiocyanate (SCN⁻) is used in many industrial processes and is found in industrial wastewaters. Adsorptive removal of thiocyanate by surfactant-modified coir pith, an unwanted byproduct of coir fibre industry was studied. Cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was used as modifier. Optimum pH for maximum adsorption of SCN⁻ was found to be 2.0. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms were used to model the adsorption equilibrium data and the system followed all the three isotherms and the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 8.6 mg g⁻¹. Kinetic studies show that the adsorption obeyed second order. Desorption studies showed that upto 90% recovery of SCN⁻ from the spent adsorbent was feasible. Effect of foreign anions on the adsorption of SCN⁻ was also examined.     

芦苇秸秆生物炭对水中菲和1,1-二氯乙烯的吸附特性

在500℃热解温度下自制芦苇秸秆生物炭吸附剂,研究生物炭对水中两种典型有机污染物菲(PHE)和1,1-二氯乙烯(1,1-DCE)的吸附特性,探讨其吸附机制,并考察溶液p H和生物炭投加量对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,生物炭对PHE和1,1-DCE的吸附分别在60 min和480 min时达到平衡,最大去除率分别为81.87%和90.18%,两者的吸附动力学规律均符合准二级动力学方程,其中PHE的二级动力学吸附速率大于1,1-DCE,两者的吸附过程均由膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制,且后者是主要限速步骤;两种有机污染物的等温吸附曲线均可用Freundlich方程描述,且生物炭对1,1-DCE的吸附亲和力强于PHE;PHE和1,1-DCE在生物炭上的吸附机制包括表面吸附作用和分配作用,且以表面吸附作用为主,其中1,1-DCE的表面吸附作用大于PHE,而其分配作用小于PHE,说明污染物性质中分子体积和相对极性是影响总体吸附的主要因素;红外图谱显示,含氧、含氢官能团及π—π相互作用对生物炭吸附两种有机污染物有重要贡献;溶液p H对生物炭吸附PHE和1,1-DCE的影响较小,而生物炭投加量从5增至50 mg时,PHE和1,1-DCE的平衡吸附量分别减少6.78倍和2.18倍,去除率分别提高20.21%和15.78%.     

不同水源补给情形的溪流沟渠沉积物磷形态及释放风险分析

2015年5~12月,在合肥地区3条分别以城市污水厂尾水、食品加工废水和农业排水-地下水渗流为主要补给水源的溪流沟渠上,按季节采集表层沉积物样,分析沉积物磷赋存形态;通过磷吸附指数(PSI)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)和磷释放风险指数(ERI)计算,评估溪流沟渠沉积物的磷潜在释放风险,并以非参数检验方法,对3条溪流沟渠开展差异性分析.结果表明:1关镇河支渠和陶冲小溪流水体磷素污染严重,3条溪流沟渠磷污染程度排序为:关镇河支渠陶冲小溪流磨店小溪流,其中关镇河支渠沉积物TP平均含量为1 376.95 mg·kg-1,分别是磨店小溪流和陶冲小溪流的2.94和1.91倍;2 3条溪流沟渠沉积物中各形态磷含量差异显著,且在含量高低排序方面存在一定差异性;3 3条溪流沉积物的PSI值季节性变化特征明显,而且每条溪流沟渠所有采样点变化规律基本一致,即总体上都表现出秋季最高,冬季次之,春、夏季基本相当且相对最低的变化特征;4由PSI、DPS及ERI评估得到的磷释放风险特征基本一致,相应的磷释放风险高低排序为:关镇河支渠陶冲小溪流磨店小溪流;5差异性分析表明,3条溪流沟渠几乎在所有指标上存在显著的差异性.     

室温下不同活化和氧化的干酪根对菲和壬基酚的吸附

对干酪根样品(OS)进行了活化和氧化处理(ZnCl_2(Z)和KOH(K)活化,H_2O_2(H)和NaClO(N)氧化),利用元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)及CO_2气体吸附法对其进行表征,并对比研究其对非极性和极性有机污染物菲(Phen)和壬基酚(NP)的吸附行为.结果表明,样品的比表面积(SSA)和纳米孔体积(Vo)分别为76.57~104.00 m2·g~(-1)和30.68~41.67μL·g~(-1),与有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系.吸附实验表明,所有样品对菲和壬基酚的吸附均为典型的非线性吸附,对菲的吸附非线性因子n值(0.678~0.797)都大于对壬基酚吸附的n值(0.530~0.748),且对壬基酚的吸附容量(K'F为1358~3750μg·g~(-1))都大于对菲的吸附容量(K'F为435~1297μg·g~(-1)).此外,样品对菲和壬基酚的吸附容量与O/C和(N+O)/C呈显著负相关关系.纳米孔填充模型拟合表明,菲的吸附机理主要是纳米孔填充机制,但对壬基酚的吸附超过对菲的吸附这一现象与氢键作用有关.在KH(KOH活化+H_2O_2氧化,其余类同)、ON、KN处理组合上NP的纳米孔填充体积都有明显的提高,这一方面与纳米孔径大小的变化有关,另一方面与NP与表面—OH、—COOH、—NH_2等基团形成氢键有关.     

阴离子表面活性剂改性水滑石吸附硝基苯的特性研究

以阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)为改性剂,采用共沉淀法在不同表面活性剂浓度,0.5～2.0理论阴离子交换容量(theoretical anion exchange capacity,TAEC)条件下制备了有机水滑石LDH-DS,并用XRD、FT-IR表征了样品的结构特征.结果表明十二烷基硫酸根成功插层进入LDH层间,d003底面间距由0.80 nm增大至3.98 nm.同时研究了LDH-DS对硝基苯的吸附性能,表明有机水滑石对硝基苯的等温吸附曲线符合线型方程(R2>0.99),吸附过程主要为分配作用.随着样品中SDS负载量的增加,LDH-DS对硝基苯的吸附系数Kd相应增强,但有机碳标化的吸附系数Koc值基本保持恒定.吸附热力学实验显示吸附过程为吸热反应,熵增大是吸附过程的驱动力.     

Triton X-100在黄土上的吸附行为及影响因素

水土体系下,应用批实验法研究了Triton X-100在天然黄土上的吸附行为与平衡时间、Triton X-100浓度、溶液离子强度和pH值的关系.结果表明,Triton X-100在黄土中的吸附平衡时间约为30 min,其吸附动力学符合一级动力学模型,相应拟合参数Qe、k1、r2分别为3.041 mg·g-1、0.102 min-1、0.993 4.吸附等温线明显为非线性,在利用的4种等温吸附模型中,Sips模型对实验数据提供了最佳的拟合,其拟合参数Qmax和r2分别为3.202 mg·g-1和0.998 7.溶液离子强度和pH值对Triton X-100在黄土上的吸附有显著的影响,其吸附量随NaCl浓度的增加而明显增加,随pH增加而降低.     

邻苯二甲酸酯在河流沉积物上的不可逆吸附行为

采用平衡吸附实验和循环吸附/解吸实验,研究了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸双-(2-乙基-己基)酯(DEHP)在长江和黄河沉积物样品中的吸附特性和不可逆吸附作用.平衡吸附实验结果表明,DMP和DEHP在沉积物上的lgKoc均高于文献报道值,说明沉积物对PAEs的吸附不仅包括在有机质上的分配作用,而且还存在其他吸附过程.循环吸附/解吸实验结果表明,沉积物对DMP和DEHP的吸附包括可逆的线性吸附和不可逆的非线性吸附.DMP和DEHP在4种沉积物样品上的最大不可逆吸附量分别为125.19～337.37μg/g和515.89～591.41μg/g,且最大不可逆吸附量与沉积物的比表面积,阳离子交换量,黑炭含量等呈正相关.DMP可逆吸附部分的有机碳标化分配系数(lgkroecv)为3.69～4.98L/kg,该值仍大于文献报道的Koc值,说明除在有机碳上的分配作用外,DMP还存在其他的可逆吸附机制.DEHP的lgkorecv为4.12～5.31L/kg,与文献报道值接近,说明DEHP的主要可逆吸附机制为在有机碳上的分配作用.尽管DMP和DEHP的性质差异较大,但二者在4种沉积物上不可逆吸附部分的有机碳标化分配系数(lgkiorcr)接近常数(6.46±0.38)L/kg.由于PAEs在沉积物上存在不可逆吸附,在建立沉积物质量基准时需要考虑其最大不可逆吸附量.     

Biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ) on extracellular polymers from Bacillus sp.F19

Biosorption can be an effective process for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions.The adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution on the extracellular polymers (EPS) from Bacillus sp.(named MBFF19) with respect to pH,incubation time,concentration of initial Cu(Ⅱ),and biosorbent dose was studied.Biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ) is highly pH dependent.The maximum uptake of Cu(Ⅱ) (89.62 mg/g) was obtained at pH 4.8.Biosorption equilibrium was established in approximately 10 min.The correlation coeffcient of mor...     

环境激素Pb对水稻生长发育的影响及污染修复

采用盆栽实验方法,研究环境激素Pb对水稻生长发育的影响、Pb在作物体内的积累特性及采用不同方法修复Pb污染土壤.研究结果表明,在PbCd复合污染条件下,Pb含量为300 mg/kg时,影响水稻的正常生长发育,水稻的减产幅度为13.3%.Pb在水稻不同部位的吸收表明,根系积累的Pb量占植株总积累量的98.36%,茎叶积累量占1.52%,籽实积累量仅占0.117%;复合元素PbCd投加到土壤中,导致水稻籽实中的Pb含量超过食品卫生标准,共存的Cd促进了水稻籽实对的吸收.经过石灰及石灰 CaMgP肥处理,可以降低土壤中Pb的活性;水稻根系可大量吸收土壤中的Pb,将根系从土壤中清除,即可达到污染修复的目的.