Biodegradable Soy-Based Plastics: Opportunities and Challenges

Today's plastics are designed with little consideration for their ultimate disposability or the effect of the resources (feedstocks) used in making them. This has resulted in mounting worldwide concerns over the environmental consequences of such materials when they enter the mainstream after their intended uses. This led to the concept of designing and engineering new biodegradable materials–materials that have the performance characteristics of today's materials but that undergo biodegradation along with other organic waste to soil humic materials. Hence, the production of biodegradable materials from annually renewable agricultural feedstocks has attracted attention in recent years. Agricultural materials such as starches and proteins are biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Soybean is a good candidate for manufacturing a large number of chemicals, including biodegradable plastics, as it is abundantly available and cheap. Soy protein concentrate, isolate, or flakes could be compounded with synthetic biodegradable plastics such as polycaprolactone or poly (lactic acid) to make molded products or edible films or shopping bags and make the environment cleaner and greener.     

花生、大豆与芝麻复合乳饮料的研制

报道了以花生、大豆和芝麻为主要原料,并按一定比例制备出以花生为主体风味的复合蛋白乳保健饮料的基本工艺流程,同时对获得良好风味的花生、大豆与芝麻复合蛋白乳饮料的基本工艺条件、操作要求及影响产品质量的因素也作了简要探讨与说明。     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

中国大豆资源的虚拟土贸易及进口依存度分析

论文把大豆、豆粕和豆油及其它大豆加工制成品等统称为大豆资源,而豆粕和豆油是两大最主要的大豆加工制品。受中国耕地资源限制和国际大豆市场的影响,中国大豆产量徘徊不前;而随着饲料业、畜牧业的发展,以及人们对植物油需求的增加,国内对大豆资源的需求不断增加,大豆及其加工制品的进口量也逐年增加。包括大豆资源在内的农产品及其加工制品,均含有一定的虚拟土。根据生产地生产该产品实际所需要的土地资源数量计算,能反映一个国家(或地区)虚拟土贸易的实际状况;而根据需求地生产该产品所需要的土地资源数量计算,可以反映进口国家(或地区)土地资源节约的真实情况。论文首先从理论上研究了大豆资源虚拟土的量化方法,并计算了不同国家大豆资源的虚拟土含量。然后分析了中国2000-2009年大豆资源国际贸易下隐含的虚拟土贸易、耕地资源节约以及进口依存度。研究结果显示:①中国大豆、豆粕和豆油的虚拟土含量分别为0.60、0.50和1.24 hm²/t,而世界平均含量分别为0.43、0.34和0.89 hm²/t;②中国大豆资源的虚拟土实际净进口量由2000年的413.54×10⁴ hm²增加到2009年的1 729.14×10⁴ hm²,2009年从美国、巴西和阿根廷的进口比重分别为44.5%、37.4%和15.4%;③中国耕地资源的实际节约量由2000年的687×10⁴ hm²增加到2009年的2 851×10⁴ hm²。大豆资源虚拟土贸易的进口依存度由42.0%提高到76.1%,2009年中国对美国、巴西和阿根廷的进口依存度分别为36.1%、28.1%和12.4%。     

改性大豆荚吸附剂对甲基蓝废水吸附性能研究

将天然大豆荚分别用氢氧化钠,硫酸,乙醇,过氧化氢进行改性,制备一系列改性大豆荚吸附剂,研究了改性大豆荚吸附阴离子染料甲基蓝废水的适宜条件及吸附机理.经筛选,采用氢氧化钠作为大豆荚的改性剂.结果表明:当甲基蓝溶液初始浓度300 mg·L-1,pH=10.0,吸附剂投加量为5 g·L-1,吸附时间为40 min时,改性大豆荚对甲基蓝废水的去除率达到96.30%,最大吸附量为57.53 mg·g-1.此吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主;Langmuir方程能较好的拟合等温吸附过程.     

试论黄淮海地区的自然资源及国家级作物商品基地的建设

根据中国主要农业区--黄淮海地区的自然和社会经济条件,分析了该区小麦、玉米、大豆、棉花等在气候-土壤生态适应性的基础上,采用逐级生产力估算方法,计算出四大作物的商品量,论证了该地区建设为全国性四大作物商品基地的可能性。     

大豆种皮过氧化物酶在酚类废水处理中的应用

介绍了大豆种皮过氧化物酶（SBP）的特性、除酚原理及用SBP处理酚类废水的研究进展，对SBP除酚的主要技术参数进行了详细阐述，并对现存问题和解决途径进行了探讨。SBP的性质优异、酶源丰富、价格低廉。直接用大豆种皮处理废水的经济指标已基本达到实用水平，但导致废水中可溶性固形物的含量增加，解决的途径是选育酶活性高、稳定性好的大豆品种。     

NO和H2O2对大豆幼苗铝毒害的缓解效应及其相互作用

NO和H₂O₂作为信号分子参与植物对非生物胁迫的响应,为了确定NO和H₂O₂介导的大豆耐铝作用以及二者的交互作用,以浙春3号大豆为材料,分析了铝毒胁迫下根尖内源及外源NO和H₂O₂对大豆铝毒的缓解效应,并研究了NO和H₂O₂代谢相关酶的活性变化, 其中外源NO由SNP(亚硝基铁氰化钠,Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]·2H₂O)提供. 结果显示:Al处理显著抑制大豆根生长,促使Al在根尖积累并显著提高大豆根尖内源w(NO)和w(H₂O₂). 在H₂O₂₊Al、SNP+Al和H₂O₂₊SNP+Al处理下,大豆根相对伸长率比单独Al处理下分别升高了64.6%、63.5%和69.5%,根尖w(Al)则分别减少了34.6%、36.8%和32.9%,表明NO和H₂O₂对铝毒害均具有缓解作用.外源NO能够促使根尖内源H₂O₂显著积累,降低POD(过氧化物酶)活性,而外源H₂O₂对内源根尖w(NO)无影响.NO和H₂O₂在缓解铝毒的信号途径中存在信号互作,NO处于H₂O₂的上游,其通过POD活性调节内源w(H₂O₂).      

几株微生物转化花生蛋白废水为禽用代鱼粉

花生蛋白废水是花生蛋白加工过程中排放的一种高浓度有机废水.每生产1t花生蛋白约有15t废水排出,其中主要成分为淀粉,COD高达10000ppm以上,如不经处理排放到自然界,将造成严重的环境污染.