SBR法处理豆制品废水工艺条件的研究

用SBR法处理豆制品废水的试验表明，该系统具有较好的抗负荷冲击能力，进水COD在300—2000mg／L之间变化，对系统不造成任何影响；考察了曝气时间、曝气量和污泥浓度等对去除效果的影响，试验结果表明，曝气时间和曝气量对处理效果影响很大。确定该反应系统最佳曝气时间是8h，适宜的曝气量是800L／h，而污泥浓度控制在4000mg／L左右时，处理效率最高，采用进水顶出水的排水方式是可行的，确定系统的最佳排水比是3／5。厌氧段的插入可以减少剩余污泥的产量。     

铝对土壤微生物区系组成的影响

通过大豆盆栽试验,研究了金属铝对土壤微生物区系组成的影响。结果表明,当铝质量分数<1.1 g/kg时,土壤细菌、放线菌的数量随着铝质量分数的增加而增加;当铝质量分数>1.1 g/kg时,土壤细菌、放线菌的数量随着铝质量分数的增加而减少。铝对丝状真菌的生长具有明显的促进作用。在低质量分数下,铝对土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌具有一定的刺激作用;当质量分数>1.1 g/kg时,则表现为抑制作用,最大抑制率分别达48%、96%和95%;土壤硝化细菌、反硝化细菌可以作为铝污染土壤生态环境的指示菌。自生固氮菌的数量随铝质量分数的升高而逐渐下降。铝对土壤微生物区系产生抑制作用的临界质量分数在1.3 g/kg左右。     

Polyols and Polyurethanes from Hydroformylation of Soybean Oil

This paper compares physical and mechanical properties of polyurethanes derived via the hydroformylation approach and is a part of our study on the structure–property relationships in polyurethanes created from vegetable oils. The double bonds of soybean oil are first converted to aldehydes through hydroformylation using either rhodium or cobalt as the catalyst. The aldehydes are hydrogenated by Raney nickel to alcohols, forming a triglyceride polyol. The latter is reacted with polymeric MDI to yield the polyurethane. Depending on the degree of conversion, the materials can behave as hard rubbers or rigid plastics. The rhodium-catalyzed reaction afforded a polyol with a 95% conversion, giving rise to a rigid polyurethane, while the cobalt-catalyzed reaction gives a polyol with a 67% conversion, leading to a hard rubber having lower mechanical strengths. Addition of glycerine as a cross-linker systematically improves the properties of the polyurethanes. The polyols are characterized by DSC. The measured properties of polyurethanes include glass transition temperatures, tensile strengths, flexural moduli, and impact strengths.     

低剂量La(Ⅲ)与酸雨对大豆幼苗生长及光合作用的复合影响

为探索稀上元素镧与酸雨对大豆幼苗生长和光合作用的复合影响,以大豆幼苗为试材.采用水培法培养,模拟酸雨和镧处理试材.结果表明,在酸雨(AR_1/pH=3.0,AR_2/pH=4.0,AR_3/pH=5.0)单独作用下,各项生长指标均低于对照组,呈现明显的剂量-效应关系;在稀士La(RE_1/20 mg·L~(-1),RE_2/60 mg·L~(-1),RE_3/100 mg·L~(-1))单独作用下,生长指标呈现明显的"低促高抑"规律.RE+AR复合作用影响下,RE_1和AR复合对大豆幼茵生长抑制程度低于AR单独作用,表现为拮抗效应,RE_2、RE_3与AR对大豆幼苗的复合影响表现为协同作用.大豆幼苗的Chl含量和P_n,与其他乍长指标呈现相似的变化规律,研究表明AR、RE及AR+RE对植物光合作用的影响是其影响植物生长的主要因素之一.     

高效液相色谱法检测与化感现象相关的5种酚酸

建立了香草酸、对羟基苯甲酸、丁香酸、香豆酸和阿魏酸等5种酚酸的高效液相色谱测定方法,利用本方法在土壤溶液和残茬腐解产物中进行5种酚酸的检测,结果表明,大豆生长一段时间后,在灭菌土壤中、未灭菌土壤中和不同茬口的土壤中,均检测到丁香酸,在残茬腐解产物中检测到香草酸、丁香酸、香豆酸和阿魏酸。     

养分(磷)吸收机理模型的应用研究──Ⅱ.模型参数的敏感性分析

采用Claassen的养分吸收机理模型探讨了玉米与大豆幼苗磷吸收过程中的参数敏感性,结果表明：在一般土壤与施肥条件下,玉米与大豆幼苗吸收磷的高度敏感性参数或重要限制因素为根系伸长速率与根半径;在相同土壤供磷条件下,供试大豆幼苗根系的磷摄取能力远低于玉米幼苗根系的磷摄取能力,其原因归结于两者在根系最大养分流Imax与根系伸长速率K两个敏感性参数上的差异;玉米与大豆幼苗磷吸收过程中三种根毛参数的敏感性均较低,这主要与土壤供磷水平较高有关;土壤含水量在玉米幼苗磷吸收过程中表现了极高的敏感性,当土壤含水量降低时,土壤养分供应参数对玉米幼苗磷吸收的敏感性与限制作用均增大。     

Carbon dioxide emission in relation with irrigation and organic amendments from a sweet corn field

Soil moisture and organic matter level affects soil respiration and microbial activities, which in turn impact greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation levels (75% [deficit], 100% [full], and 125% [excess] of reference crop evapotranspiration requirements), and organic amendments (OA) type (chicken manure [CM] and bone meal [BM]) and OA application rates (0,168, 336 and 672 kg total N ha^?1) on (i) soil physical properties (bulk density, organic matter content and soil moisture content) and (ii) soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from a highly weathered tropical Hawai'ian soil. Carbon dioxide readings were consistently taken once or twice a week for the duration of the cropping season. A drip irrigation system was used to apply the appropriate amount of irrigation water to the treatment plots. Treatments were randomly selected and corresponding organic amendments were manually incorporated into the soil. Plots were cultivated with sweet corn (Zea mays ‘SS-16’). Soil moisture content within and below the rootzone was monitored using a TDR 300 soil moisture sensor (Spectrum Technologies, Inc., Plainfield, IL, USA) connected with 12 cm long prongs. Soil bulk density and organic matter content were determined at the end of the cropping season. Analysis of variance results revealed that OA type, rate, and their interaction had significant effect on soil CO₂ flux (P < 0.05). Among the OA rates, all CM mostly resulted in significantly higher soil CO₂ fluxes compared to BM and control treatment (p < 0.05). The two highest rates of BM treatment were not significantly different from the control with regard to soil CO₂ flux. In addition, organic amendments affected soil moisture dynamics during the crop growing season and organic matter content measured after the crop harvest. While additional studies are needed to further investigate the effect of irrigation levels on soil CO₂ flux, it is recommended that in order to minimize soil CO₂ emissions, BM soil amendments could be a potential option to reduce soil CO₂ fluxes from agricultural fields similar to the one used in this study.     

Effect of dietary fluoride derived from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) meal on growth of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata)

Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) is the most important cultured marine fish in Japan. Dietary fish meal for yellowtail in aquaculture was replaced with 0.0%, 15.4% and 100.0% Antarctic krill meal (KM0, KM15, and KM100) and with 0.0%, 15.4%, and 100.0% low-fluoride krill meal (LFK0, LFK15 and LFK100). The fish was fed to duplicate fish groups for 92 d (KM trial) or 75 d (LFK trial), and fish growth was monitored.Dietary fluoride (F⁻) concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) were 110, 160, and 580 (KM0, KM15, and KM100, respectively) and 98, 120, and 190 (LFK0, LFK15, and LFK100, respectively). The growth during the experimental period, weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency in fish fed the KM100 diet were markedly lower than the other experimental groups, which showed no marked differences in growth performance.After the experiment, dorsal muscle fluoride concentrations in each group were below the detectable limit (1 mg kg⁻¹), but vertebral bone fluoride concentrations increased with increasing proportion of KM to 655 (KM0), 870 (KM15), and 2150 (KM100) mg kg⁻¹. With increasing LFK in the feed, vertebral bone fluoride concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) increased slightly from 500 (LFK0) to 655 (LFK15), and 695 (LFK100). No histopathological changes were detected in the liver tissue in any experimental group.It has been reported that the fluoride bioavailability was reduced with increasing water hardness, however, the dietary fluoride derived from KM exoskeleton accumulates in vertebral bones of marine fish with growth inhibition, as has already been shown for freshwater fish. Vertebral bone fluoride concentrations in two krill-eating Antarctic marine fish in the wild were 33 000 mg kg⁻¹ (Champsocephalus gunnari) and 15 000 mg kg⁻¹ (Notothenia rossii), but they did not show any adverse effect of growth. Therefore, fish bone fluoride accumulation apparently depends on fish species rather than the salinity of the habitat. Consequently, krill exoskeleton must be removed during the processing of Antarctic krill if indeed these krill are to be used as fish feed. However, LFK can completely replace dietary fish meal without apparent adverse effects.     

组合菌株固态发酵鱼粉废液和豆粕工艺研究

鱼粉废液中富含蛋白、多肽等多种成分,豆粕是一种优质的植物蛋白源。为了实现蛋白资源的回收和高效利用,对鱼粉废液和豆粕混合物进行微生物固态发酵的工艺研究。实验以可溶性多肽和胰蛋白酶抑制因子(TI)含量作为检测指标,确定了最优发酵条件,即纳豆芽孢杆菌和植物乳酸杆菌复合配比2∶1,接种量6%,豆粕与鱼粉废液浓缩液比(w/v)1∶0.8,起始温度35℃,发酵时间48 h。该条件下发酵产物中的可溶性多肽含量增至22.64%,TI降至1.38 mg/g,益生菌数量达11.6×109CFU/g。通过对比发酵原料和终产物,表明鱼粉废液和豆粕经微生物复合发酵后,品质得到明显改善。     

Influence of herbicide glyphosate on growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus section Flavi strains isolated from soil on in vitro assay

The effect of six glyphosate concentrations on growth rate and aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) production by Aspergillus section Flavi strains under different water activity (a_W) on maize-based medium was investigated. In general, the lag phase decreased as glyphosate concentration increased and all the strains showed the same behavior at the different conditions tested. The glyphosate increased significantly the growth of all Aspergillus section Flavi strains in different percentages with respect to control depending on pesticide concentration. At 5.0 and 10 mM this fact was more evident; however significant differences between both concentrations were not observed in most strains. Aflatoxin B₁ production did not show noticeable differences among different pesticide concentrations assayed at all a_W in both strains. This study has shown that these Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus strains are able to grow effectively and produce aflatoxins in high nutrient status media over a range of glyphosate concentrations under different water activity conditions.