O3和UV-B共同作用对大豆干物质和产量的影响

为揭示O₃和UV-B共同作用对大豆干物质和产量的影响,以大豆“八月黄”为供试材料,利用OTC(开顶式气室)和紫外灯模拟O₃和UV-B共同作用环境,研究大豆干物质和产量的变化. 结果表明:与对照组相比,T1(UV-B辐射增强10%左右)、T2(100nL/L O₃与增强10%左右的UV-B复合)和T3(150nL/L O₃与增强10%左右的UV-B复合)处理下,成熟期大豆株高分别降低了12.73%、12.78%和14.15%;w〔Chl(a+b)〕分别减少了-1.16%(P>0.05)、34.20%(P<0.05)和57.38%(P<0.05);净光合速率(P_n)分别下降了11.50%、46.65%和48.58%;单株干物质质量显著降低(P<0.05),分别减少了31.02%、61.35%和67.53%;大豆产量分别减少了4.13%、54.09%和79.34%. O₃和UV-B对大豆的生长和干物质累积均有不利影响,并且存在一定的协同影响,2个因子共同作用对大豆生长和干物质累积更为不利;O₃和UV-B共同作用下大豆产量的降低主要是由粒数和粒质量降低所致.      

14C-Ethion residues in soybean seeds: metabolic pathway,effect of processing,bioavailability, toxicity and protective action of artichoke leaf powder towards rats

The metabolic fate of ethion labeled with ¹⁴C-at the ethyl ester groups in soybean seeds following topical application to leaves was studied. Chromatographic analysis of soybean oil revealed the presence of the parent compound together with four metabolites which were identified as ethion monooxon, ethion dioxon, O-ethyl phosphorothioate and O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate. The effect of processing on ethion residues in soybean oil was investigated. The refined oil contained small amounts of the ¹⁴C-residues originally present (37.5%). Upon feeding rats with the cake containing ethion bound residues, a substantial amount of ¹⁴C-residues was eliminated in the urine (73%), and about 6% excreted with the feces. About 5% of the radioactive residues were distributed among various organs. Mature male Wistar rats were fed on soybean seeds containing ethion residues (1.93 ppm), and on artichoke leaves powder (1% W/W) for four weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the ethion-treated group had a significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. The ethion-treated rats also had a lower total serum protein and albumin levels, as well as acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity as compared with controls. Moreover, concomitant treatment with artichoke leaf powder improved, at least partially, all the biochemical parameters that were altered by ethion.     

CO2和O3浓度倍增及复合效应对大豆生长和产量的影响

利用OTC-1型农田开顶式气室,模拟研究了大气中CO₂、O₃浓度倍增及其复合效应对大豆生长、根瘤和产量形成的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度倍增促进根系生长,固氮能力增强,植株高度和基部粗度增加,对发育期、绿叶数和绿叶面积影响不大.O₃浓度倍增抑制大豆根系和茎的生长,固氮能力下降,叶片伤害使绿叶数和绿叶面积显著下降, 衰老提前.在CO₂和O₃的复合试验中,CO₂浓度增加明显缓解O₃浓度增加对大豆伤害和抑制作用,CO₂、O₃浓度持续倍增处理下大豆生长和固氮能力与CK的数量差异明显小于单一O₃浓度倍增与CK 的数量差异,逐渐增加CO₂、O₃浓度的刺激作用和剂量效应使大豆生长后期伤害加重,绿叶数、绿叶面积显著下降,而根系固氮能力有所提高.     

玉米-土壤和大豆-土壤体系中95Zr的消长动态

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术进行了⁹⁵zr在2种作物-土壤体系中的消长动态研究,并应用库室模型和非线性回归方法确定了各体系的拟合方程.结果显示:①玉米和大豆从土壤中吸收的⁹⁵Zr主要集中在根部,且根部中的⁹⁵Zr比活度随时间呈缓慢增加,并在经历一段时间后逐渐趋于动态平衡;其余各部位的比活度较低,较大部分接近于本底水平,表明⁹⁵Zr被玉米和大豆根系吸收后不易在其体内迁移、输运;②喷施进入土壤中的⁹⁵Zr主要滞留在表层(0～8cm)土壤中,其量占总量的97.5%以上,表明⁹⁵Zr被表层土壤吸附,不易随水流向下迁移;③对实验数据进行回归分析,得玉米和大豆植株中⁹⁵Zr比活度的消长动态拟合方程为C_m(t)=3.2067(1-e^01582t)和C_b(t)=3.0925(1-e^-0.1363t),经方差分析,表明回归方程较好地反应了⁹⁵Zr在玉米-土壤和大豆-土壤体系中的消K动态.     

Effects of lanthanum（Ⅲ） on nitrogen metabolism of soybean seedlings under elevated UV-B radiation

The hydroponic culture experiments of soybean bean seedlings were conducted to investigate the effect of lanthanum(La)on nitrogen metabolism under two different levels of elevated UV-B radiation(UV-B,280-320 nm).The whole process of nitrogen metabolism involves uptake and transport of nitrate,nitrate assimilation,ammonium assimilation,amino acid biosynthesis,and protein synthesis. Compared with the control,UV-B radiation with the intensity of low level 0.15 W/m~2 and high level 0.45 W/m~2 significantly affected the whole nitrogen metabolism in soybean seedlings(p<0.05).It restricted uptake and transport of NO_3~-,inhibited activity of some key nitrogen-metabolism-related enzymes,such as:nitrate reductase(NR)to the nitrate reduction,glutamine systhetase(GS)and glutamine synthase(GOGAT)to the ammonia assimilation,while it increased the content of free amino acids and decreased that of soluble protein as well.The damage effect of high level of UV-B radiation on nitrogen metabolism was greater than that of low level. And UV-B radiation promoted the activity of the anti-adversity enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH),which reduced the toxicity of excess ammonia in plant.After pretreatment with the optimum concentration of La(20 mg/L),La could increase the activity of NR, GS,GOGAT,and GDH,and ammonia assimilation,but decrease nitrate and ammonia accumulation.In conclusion,La could relieve the damage effect of UV-B radiation on plant by regulating nitrogen metabolism process,and its alleviating effect under low level was better than that under the high one.     

模拟酸雨和稀土镧对大豆幼苗的复合影响

采用水培法通过测定大豆幼苗叶片和根的POD活性、MDA含量、H2O2含量,研究了酸雨(AR)和稀土La(Ⅲ)对大豆幼苗POD活性和脂膜过氧化的复合影响。结果表明:单一La(Ⅲ)(RE1/20 mg/L、RE2/60 mg/L、RE3/100 mg/L、RE4/300 mg/L)处理时,低剂量La(Ⅲ)(RE1/20 mg/L)处理下,叶和根中POD活性高于CK而MDA和H2O2含量较之降低,高剂量La(Ⅲ)(RE2/60 mg/L、RE3/100 mg/L、RE4/300 mg/L)处理下,叶和根3项指标均升高。在酸雨(ARl/pH2.5、AR2/pH3.5和AR3/pH4.5)单独作用和RE+AR复合作用影响下,叶和根3项指标均升高;而且AR的pH越低,RE的浓度越高,叶和根中的3项指标增幅越大。RE1和AR复合处理下叶和根中3项指标的增幅低于AR单一处理,其它浓度RE和AR复合处理叶和根中的3项指标增幅高于各自单独作用。单一酸雨处理组各指标变幅为叶>根,单一镧和复合处理组各指标变幅为根>叶。     

多环芳烃在污泥与菜籽饼堆肥中的降解规律

研究了城市污泥和菜籽饼堆肥体系中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)在94 d内的降解演化过程.堆肥体系开始时16种PAHs的总浓度为1.792 mg·kg~(-1),堆肥结束后其总浓度为0.153 mg·kg~(-1).其总降解率为91.5% (p<0.05).堆肥过程中,堆体腐殖酸呈现先上升后下降,最后又稳步上升的趋势;与此同时,PAHs则呈现先下降后上升,最后又明显下降的趋势(第31～61 d).PAHs的微生物降解主要发生在堆肥的第16～31 d,但是苯环数≤3的PAHs降解过程与苯环数≥4的PAHs在堆肥第31～47 d存在差异:苯环数≤3的PAHs(除了菲)存在着一个持续的降解过程,但是苯环数≥4的PAHs和菲在堆肥第31～46 d表现出浓度的上升.这表明苯环数≥4的PAHs和菲存在强吸附作用,它们紧密的吸附使得微生物不易进行生物降解.PAHs化合物降解率与其相对分子质量之间存在正相关的关系,即相对分子质量越大的化合物其降解率越高,苯并(b)荧蒽例外.