生物破乳菌Alcaligenessp.S-XJ-1表面活性物质提取与其破乳特性分析

对胞壁结合型生物破乳菌Alcaligenes sp.S-XJ-1的表面破乳活性物质进行提取和初步鉴定,并探讨了菌体和表面活性物质的破乳过程,以揭示生物破乳菌的破乳特性.采用碱液提取破乳菌表面活性物质,并通过单因素试验和正交试验得到最优提取条件:温度35℃、碱液浓度0.08 mol.L-1、料液比12 g.L-1、提取时间4 h,在此条件下提取率为36.1%,500 mg.L-1破乳菌表面活性物质48 h破乳率为77%;采用凝胶过滤色谱和红外光谱对破乳菌表面活性物质的分子量和表面基团进行分析,发现其相对分子质量分布于55～61 256,表面存在糖脂类、脂类和蛋白类物质的特征基团;成分分析表明破乳菌表面活性物质含糖类、脂类和蛋白类分别为22.2%、7.5%和13.4%.胰蛋白酶处理破乳菌表面活性物质几乎使其完全丧失破乳活性,表明蛋白类物质是其破乳活性的关键因素.使用稳定性分析仪对破乳菌菌体和表面活性物质的破乳过程进行分析,发现二者破乳过程有较大差异,菌体表面活性物质是菌体破乳活性的主要来源,菌体表面结构在破乳过程中起辅助作用,菌体的破乳性能是破乳活性物质和菌体形态共同作用的结果.     

烟嘧磺隆降解菌SY-6的固定化、降解特性及其工程化应用

以海藻酸钠为载体,对烟嘧磺隆降解菌SY-6进行细胞固定化,通过单因素实验明确了菌株包埋SY-6的最优条件,并对其降解特性进行研究。结果表明,当海藻酸钠含量为4%,Ca Cl2含量为3%,固化时间为4 h,制得的固定化小球具有较强的机械强度和较好的传质性能及其对烟嘧磺隆的降解率较高。固定化细胞降解烟嘧磺隆的最佳条件为p H为7.0、温度为30℃、包菌量为5%。在不同p H或温度下,与游离细胞相比,固定化细胞有较宽泛的耐受性。将包埋的SY-6投加到序批式反应器(简称SBR)中处理烟嘧磺隆废水,结果表明,菌株SY-6在合适的使用周期内稳定性较高且对烟嘧磺隆废水降解效果较好,为烟嘧磺隆固定化细菌的工程化应用奠定了基础。     

酵母菌与两种硫杆菌复合对污泥中三价铬的去除

研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌LX5(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans LX5)、氧化硫硫杆菌TS6(Thiobacillus thiooxidans TS6)和耐酸性酵母菌R30(Rhodotorula sp.R30)对重金属铬(Cr³⁺)的耐受性.结果表明,700mg/L的Cr³⁺对硫杆菌LX5、TS6的生长和氧化活性影响不大,但Cr³⁺浓度大于500mg/L时明显抑制酵母菌R30的生长.酵母菌R30与硫杆菌LX5和TS6复合能明显加速污泥淋滤的进程,最佳复合比为酵母菌R30接种量2.0%,硫杆菌LX5和TS6接种量10%.分别用含酵母菌R30数量为10⁴个/mL和102个/mL的酸化污泥作接种物进行污泥淋滤,发现淋滤过程中pH值下降的速度没有明显差异,而在淋滤起始时添加2.0%的酵母菌R30,则淋滤反应提前36h结束.由此可见,在其它条件相同的污泥淋滤中,污泥中所含耐酸性酵母菌的数量是加快淋滤的关键.     

Compliance with Regulations by “Swim-with-Dolphins” Operations in Port Phillip Bay,Victoria, Australia

Managing the activities of commercial wildlife viewing tends to involve either restricting the number of industry participants and/or regulating the activities or industry participants. We report on operator compliance with regulations regarding humans swimming with free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. A total of 128 commercial dolphin-swim trips was studied between September 1998 and April 2000. Four permit conditions were investigated: approach type, swim time, time in proximity of dolphins, and presence of “fetal fold” calves. Results demonstrate noncompliance by operators to all of the four permit conditions studied. Compliance with temporal conditions was poorer than with other conditions. When conducting studies on the extent to which tourism affects cetaceans, investigators should consider whether tourist operations comply with existing regulations or guidelines.     

Biodegradation of indole by a newly isolated Cupriavidus sp. SHE

Indole, a typical nitrogen heterocyclic aromatic pollutant, is extensively spread in industrial wastewater. Microbial degradation has been proven to be a feasible approach to remove indole, whereas the microbial resources are fairly limited. A bacterial strain designated as SHE was isolated and found to be an efficient indole degrader. It was identified as Cupriavidus sp. according to 16S rRNA gene analysis. Strain SHE could utilize indole as the sole carbon source and almost completely degrade 100 mg/L of indole within 24 hr. It still harbored relatively high indole degradation capacity within pH 4–9 and temperature 25°C–35°C. Experiments also showed that some heavy metals such as Mn^2 +, Pb^2 + and Co^2 + did not pose severe inhibition on indole degradation. Based on high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrum analysis, isatin was identified as a minor intermediate during the process of indole biodegradation. A major yellow product with m/z 265.0605 (C₁₅H₈N₂O₃) was generated and accumulated, suggesting a novel indole conversion pathway existed. Genome analysis of strain SHE indicated that there existed a rich set of oxidoreductases, which might be the key reason for the efficient degradation of indole. The robust degradation ability of strain SHE makes it a promising candidate for the treatment of indole containing wastewater.     

叉鞭金藻净化废水中微量铅的研究

以叉鞭金藻作为生物吸附剂，去除废水中微量Pb^2 。结果表明，培养4d左右的叉鞭金藻对Pb^2 的去除能力最强；随着藻细胞密度的增大，藻体对Pb^2 的去除率也增大；当pH为5～7时，藻细胞对Pb^2 有较好的吸附作用。研究还表明，叉鞭金藻对Pb^2 的生物吸附经历了快速的吸附和缓慢的吸收两个步骤；离子强度Pb^2 的吸附有一定的抑制作用；在一定的浓度范围内，叉鞭金藻对Pb^2 的生物吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附模型。     

一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Bacillus flexus X1-L的分离鉴定及效能研究

近年来,随着中国经济的快速发展,水体中氨氮超标问题已严重影响到人类身体健康和生态环境平衡,有效去除水体中的氨氮已成为人们研究的热点.在传统污水生物脱氮处理中,常采用微生物的硝化、反硝化作用去除污水中的氮素,从而降低对环境的污染.本文从活性污泥反应器中分离出一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株,并命名为X1-L.菌体经形态学观察、生理生化测定及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定属于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）,Genbank登录号为MT457091,并利用MEGA7.0软件建立了相应的系统发育树.在以NH₄⁺-N为唯一氮源的条件下,菌株X1-L生长较好,COD去除率为96.4%,氨氮去除率达到99.6%,经硝化作用去除的氮有43.7%,证明菌株X1-L具有异养硝化能力.在以NO₂^--N或NO₃^--N为唯一氮源的条件下,菌株X1-L生长也较好,COD去除率分别为95.3%和96.4%,NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为95.5%和96.5%,经反硝化作用去除的氮分别有67.7%和68.2%,证明菌株X1-L具有好氧反硝化能力.     

红球菌CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的特性及途径

以一株降解氯氰菊酯的红球菌(Rhodococcussp.)CDT3为材料,研究了CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的最适条件(温度、pH值、接种量、培养时间、添加营养物).结果表明,在温度30℃,pH8.0时,CDT3对氯氰菊酯的降解率最高,添加少量葡萄糖、蛋白胨、酵母汁均能促进它对氯氰菊酯的降解.研究了CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的代谢途径,通过GC-MS分析,证实氯氰菊酯被CDT3降解后的产物是3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)和二氯菊酸(DCVA),推测氯氰菊酯是由CDT3产生的羧酸酯酶降解的,作为验证,提取了CDT3的粗酶液,并且通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)检测了羧酸酯酶.     

Citrobacter sp.CK3对活性红KN-3B的脱色反应动力学研究

采用脱色菌Citrobacter sp. CK3,以活性红KN-3B染料为处理对象,在厌氧批式反应条件下,系统考察了pH值,温度和染料浓度对脱色反应速度的影响;通过动力学模拟及反应过程中染料的UV-Vis扫描图分析,探讨了脱色反应机理。结果表明:Citrobacter sp. CK3对活性红KN-3B的脱色反应的适宜pH为7～9;脱色反应速度在温度为32℃时达到最大。染料初浓度从57 mg/L逐渐增大到458 mg/L时脱色率逐渐降低。脱色过程中染料的偶氮键发生断裂,脱色反应符合二级反应动力学。     

萘降解质粒pND6的分离和鉴定

从工业废水中分离的假单胞菌 (Pseudomonassp .)ND6菌株 ,能以萘为唯一碳源生长 ,使无机盐培养基(MM)中 2g/L的萘在 48h内降解 98% .该菌株含有一个 115kb的大质粒pND6 .DNA杂交实验表明 ,pND6质粒含有与恶臭假单胞菌 (P .putida)G7菌株的NAH7质粒同源的萘降解基因 .图 3表 1参 14