Lead Solubilization and Accumulation by Two Strains of Pseudomonas Obtained from a Contaminated Alfisol's Effluent in Southwestern Nigeria

Two strains of Pseudomonas species (B₂ and D₅)selected from an array of lead solubilizing and accumulatingbacteria obtained from the effluent contaminated soil samples of abattery manufacturing factory were studied. Increase in pH between 4.0 and 6.0 favoured the growth of isolates: Peaklog₁₀ cfu mL^–1 values of 7.1, 7.5 and 8.5 wereobtained at pH 4, 5 and 6, respectively.Cell bound lead concentrations for B₂ (0.34 mg mL^–1)and D₅ (0.30 mg mL^–1) obtained by direct contact withPbs were greater than lead concentrations of 0.89 and 0.25 mg mL^–1 for B₂ and D₅, respectively,obtained in dialyzed cultures. These cell bound lead concentration in undialyzed cultures were alsogreater than lead concentrations of 0.03 and 0.07 mg mL^–1 for B₂ and D₅ in culture supernatants. Glucose addition did nor improve lead accumulation in the isolates.Exploitation of such isolates for the biotreatment of lead ladeneffluent was conducted.     

Effects of cultivation strategies on the cultivation of Chlorella sp. HQ in photoreactors

Heterotrophic cultivation caused high level of ROS and high lipids accumulation. HMTC is the best culture strategy for improving the microalgal biomass. Chlorella sp. HQ had great nutrient removal capacity under five culture strategies. The effects of cultivation strategies (including autotrophic cultivation (AC), heterotrophic cultivation (HC), fed-batch cultivation (FC), heterotrophic+ autotrophic two-stage cultivation (HATC), and heterotrophic+ mixotrophic two-stage cultivation (HMTC)) on the growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella sp. HQ and its total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal in secondary effluent were investigated in column photoreactors. The results showed that the TN and TP removal rates ranged between 93.72%–95.82% and 92.73%–100%, respectively, under the five different strategies. The microalgal growth potential evaluated by the maximal growth rate (R_max) was in the order of HMTC>HC>FC>AC>HATC. The values of biomass, total lipid yield, triacylglycerols (TAGs) yield, and total lipid content of the microalga cultivated in the last 5 d increased significantly, but the TAGs productivities of the five strategies were lower than those in the first 7 d. Compared with all the other cultivation strategies, the TAGs productivity and yield after 12 d of cultivation under the heterotrophic condition reached the highest values accompanying the highest level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), in which the TAGs yield reached 40.81 mg/L at the end of the cultivation period. The peaks in TAGs yield and ROS level suggested that HC was beneficial for lipids accumulation via regulating the cellular redox status and exerting ROS stress on microalgal cells. In summary, HMTC was the best cultivation strategy for improving the microalgal biomass and HC was the best strategy for microalgal TAGs accumulation to produce biodiesel.     

碳源及反硝化芽孢杆菌强化低C/N比景观水体的生物脱氮

实验探讨了添加碳源及投加反硝化细菌对低碳氮比景观水体生物脱氮的影响。结果表明,有机碳源及B.subtilis FS05均能显著促进实验水体的生物脱氮作用,实验水体在28℃静置72 h后,乙醇添加组的TN、氨氮、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐的去除率分别达到了62.7%、67.0%、69.8%和29.4%,而同样条件下,B.subtilis FS05投加组的去除率分别达到了66.9%、73.4%、66.0%和82.2%。从水质变化趋势可以看出,投加B.subtilis FS05能在更短时间内完成生物脱氮过程,其中,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐去除速率最快,分别仅需要18 h和12 h。     

Enrichment and Isolation of a Mixed Bacterial Culture for Complete Mineralization of Endosulfan

In the present study, we isolated three novel bacterial species, namely, Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus circulans–I, and Bacillus circulans–II, from contaminated soil collected from the premises of a pesticide manufacturing industry. Batch experiments were conducted using both mixed and pure cultures to assess their potential for the degradation of aqueous endosulfan in aerobic and facultative anaerobic condition. The influence of supplementary carbon (dextrose) source on endosulfan degradation was also examined. After four weeks of incubation, mixed bacterial culture was able to degrade 71.82 ± 0.2% and 76.04 ± 0.2% of endosulfan in aerobic and facultative anaerobic conditions, respectively, with an initial endosulfan concentration of 50 mg l^?1. Addition of dextrose to the system amplified the endosulfan degradation efficiency by 13.36 ± 0.6% in aerobic system and 12.33 ± 0.6% in facultative anaerobic system. Pure culture studies were carried out to quantify the degradation potential of these individual species. Among the three species, Staphylococcus sp. utilized more beta endosulfan compared to alpha endosulfan in facultative anaerobic system, whereas Bacillus circulans–I and Bacillus circulans–II utilized more alpha endosulfan compared to beta endosulfan in aerobic system. In any of these degradation studies no known intermediate metabolites of endosulfan were observed.     

Growth and Foliar Nitrogen Status of Four Plant Species Exposed to Atmospheric Ammonia

A chamber study was conducted to evaluate the growth response and leaf nitrogen (N) status of four plant species exposed to continuous ammonia (NH₃) for 12 weeks (wk). This was intended to evaluate appropriate plant species that could be used to trap discharged NH₃ from the exhaust fans in poultry feeding operations before moving off-site. Two hundred and forty bare-root plants of four species (Juniperus virginiana (red cedar), Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis (thornless honey locust), Populus sp. (hybrid poplar), and Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass) were transplanted into 4- or 8-L polyethylene pots and grown in four environmentally controlled chambers. Plants placed in two of the four chambers received continuous exposure to anhydrous NH₃ at 4 to 5 ppm while plants in another two chambers received no NH₃. In each of the four chambers, 2 to 4 plants per species received no fertilizer while the rest of the plants were fertilized with a 100 ppm solution containing 21% N, 7% phosphorus, and 7% potassium. The results showed that honey locust was the fastest-growing species. The superior growth of honey locust among all species was also supported by its total biomass, root, and root dry matter (DM) weights. For all species there was a trend for plants exposed to NH₃ to have greater leaf DM than their non-exposed counterparts at 6 (43.0 vs. 30.8%; P = 0.09) and 12 wk (47.9 vs. 36.6%; P = 0.07), and significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) leaf N content at 6 (6.44 vs. 3.67%) and 12 wk (7.05 vs. 3.51%) when exposed to NH₃. Numerically greater leaf DM due to NH₃ exposure was also consistently measured in poplar at both sampling periods. Hybrid poplar, as well as honey locust and reed canary grass, deposited 1.5 to 2-fold greater N in their leaves than red cedar tissues as a result of NH₃ exposure compared to non-exposed plants. Regardless of the effect of NH₃ on foliar color and damage score of the plants, the increase of foliar N content (g 100 g^?1 of fresh foliage weight) after NH₃ exposure at 6 and 12 wk was 0.45 and 0.87 for grass,1.25 and 1.34 for locust, and 2.67 and 6.09 for poplar. However, only honey locust likely benefited from ambient NH₃ as indicated by its consistent leaf color quality and lower damage score, compared with other species that were adversely affected by atmospheric NH₃.     

Effect of commercial pesticides on plant growth-promoting activities of Burkholderia sp. strain L2 isolated from rhizosphere of Lycopersicon esculentum cultivated in agricultural soil

The in vitro study was carried out to examine the toxicity of four commercially used pesticides (phorate, mancozeb, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan) at the recommended dose (1X) and higher field doses (1.5X, 2X, 2.5X, and 3X) on plant growth-promoting activities of Burkholderia sp. strain L2, isolated from pesticide-treated rhizosphere of Lycopersicon esculentum. At the recommended dose, level of toxicity of all the pesticides to phosphate solubilization activity and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production was less detrimental as compared to exceeding doses. At maximum dose rate of each pesticide, the percentage decrease in phosphate solubilization and IAA production over control was found in order of chlorpyrifos < mancozeb < endosulfan < phorate. Present study proves that Burkholderia sp. strain L2 could be used as a potential microbial inoculant in the agricultural soil having persistent pesticide residues.     

低浓度下4个取代苯污染物与硝酸铅的混合对发光菌的联合毒性

多种污染物混合特别是低浓度下的混合对生物的联合毒性是生态毒理学研究的热点之一。选择了3类污染物苯酚、间甲基苯酚、苯胺、对硝基苯胺、硝酸铅,采用美国微板光度计测定了它们对发光菌青海弧菌-Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67)的单一及联合毒性。应用非线性拟合技术模拟了这5种物质及其混合物的剂量-效应曲线,硝酸铅可用Logit模型模拟,其它4个物质能用Weibull模型准确描述,所有拟合相关系数在0.98以上,均方根误差在0.02以下。根据纯物质的EC50值,获得这5个物质的毒性强弱顺序:硝酸铅〉对硝基苯胺间甲基苯酚苯酚苯胺。混合实验设计了各物质在EC50、EC1、无观察效应浓度(no observed effect concentration,NOEC)比例的混合。用浓度加和(dose addition,DA)和独立作用模型(independent action,IA)对混合物毒性进行预测。IA基本准确预测了这5个物质在各自EC50混合的毒性。DA与IA模型都稍微过高地预测了以EC1及NOEC浓度比例混合的联合毒性,但都在毒理学实验容许的范围之内。这5个物质以NOEC混合时对测试生物Q67没有产生明显毒性,但是还不能判定这些物质在此浓度下混合是安全的。污染物在各自的NOEC浓度下混合是否对其它生物有潜在的威胁还需更多毒理学实验支持。     

红球菌Chr-9降解吡啶和苯酚的特性

研究了红球菌(Rhodococcus)Chr-9菌株在基础盐培养基中降解吡啶和苯酚的特性,分析了菌株降解苯酚和吡啶间的差异.结果表明,菌株Chr-9能够在72 h内将基础盐培养基中的吡啶(200 mg L-1)和苯酚(200 mg L-1)完全降解,同时利用吡啶和苯酚进行生长.菌株降解吡啶的最适温度为35℃,最适pH为8.0.菌株降解吡啶和苯酚的速度与底物的初始浓度呈负相关;在无其它氮源的基础盐培养基中,菌株能够利用吡啶和苯酚协同生长.图7参12     

Decolorization of molasses melanoidins and palm oil mill e uent phenolic compounds by fermentative lactic acid bacteria

Lactobacillus plantarum SF5.6 is one of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that has the highest ability of molasses melanoidin (MM) decolorization among the 2114 strains of LAB. The strains were isolated from spoilage, pickle fruit and vegetable, soil and sludge from the wastewater treatment system by using technical step of enrichment, primary screening and secondary screening. This LAB strain SF5.6 was identified by 16S rDNA analysis and carbohydrate fermentation (API 50 CH). The top five LAB strains having high MM decolorization (> 55%), namely TBSF5.8-1, TBSF2.1-1, TBSF2.1, FF4A and SF5.6 were selected to determine the optimal condition. It was found that the temperature at 30°C under facultative conditions in GPY-MM medium (0.5% glucose, 0.1% peptone, 0.1% yeast extract, 0.1% sodium acetate, 0.05% MgSO4 and 0.005% MnCl2 in MM solution at pH 6) giving a high microbial growth and MM decolorization for all five strains. It was noticed that the decolorization of MM by LAB strains might be cell growth associated. L. plantarum SF5.6 grew rapidly within one day while the other strains took 2–3 days. This L. plantarum SF5.6 could rapidly decolorize MM to 60.91% without any lag phase, and it also had the ability to remove 34.00% phenolic compounds and 15.88% color from treated palm oil mill e uent.     

应用于矿山修复的高效菌株鉴定与溶岩机制:基于增强回归树分析

岩石矿区废弃地水土流失问题极度严峻,微生物对修复该问题造成的退化生境具有重要意义,为探究微生物对岩石矿区生境修复的有效性与作用机制,采用两次定向筛选,获得1株高效产铁载体及吲哚乙酸(IAA)的硅酸盐矿物分解细菌,利用16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定该细菌为Pseudomonas protegens.通过该细菌对硅酸盐岩的岩石分解实验,测定培养液pH值,K、Al、Si这3种元素的释放量,检测岩石溶蚀的粒径变化,并分析培养液中不同有机酸,氨基酸及多糖的浓度变化,研究Pseudomonas protegens NLX-4对硅酸盐的溶蚀效果,同时引入增强回归树(boosted regression tree analysis,BRT)分析,探究其促溶机制.分析表明,该细菌通过代谢积累一定浓度的酒石酸(777 mg·L~(-1))以及多糖(8.21 g·L~(-1)),对硅酸盐岩产生释钾、释铝、脱硅的作用,从而有效促进岩石的分解.菌株Pseudomonas protegens NLX-4可作为修复废弃矿地被破坏生境的良好菌种资源.