Reproductive isolation between populations from Northern and Central Europe of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica L.

Summary. Allopatric populations of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica are known to feed upon either willow (Salicaceae) or birch (Betulaceae). This study aimed to elucidate the differentiation process of these allopatric populations. We investigated whether these allopatric populations specialized on different host plants are still able to produce fertile offspring when interbreeding. Individuals from a population in Finland (willow specialists) and one in the Czech Republic (birch specialists) were crossed in laboratory. Hybrid formation succeeded only between females from the Czech, birch specialized population and males from the Finnish, willow specialized population, while no eggs were produced by females of the willow specialists having mated males of the birch specialists. Behavioral, morphological, physiological, and chemical features of the F₁ hybrids were studied. The chemical composition of larval defensive secretion and feeding preferences of the resulting F₁ hybrids mainly showed similarities with the paternal phenotype, while the area of black coloring on the offspring’s elytra was intermediate between those of the parental elytra. F₁ hybrids did not accept the host plant (birch) of their mothers for feeding and only survived on willow. Thus, since mothers only lay eggs on birch, we found evidence for a postzygotic isolation mechanism between the individuals of the two investigated populations: when having been mated with willow specialized Finnish males, the birch specialized Czech mothers place the hybrid eggs on a plant species (birch), on which the hatching larvae cannot survive.     

铜的形态分布与Daphnia magna急性毒性关系

本文利用化学平衡模式ＭＩＮＴＥＡＱ２研究不同酸度,碱度和有机配体存在下铜的形态分布特点,通过Ｄａｐｈｎｉａ ｍａｇｎａ毒性试验获得形态变化时的毒性变化规律。结果显示：无论是总量,还是游离态浓度,都不能反映出铜的毒性大小。     

Transformation of lead compounds in the soil-plant system under the influence of Bacillus and Azotobacter rhizobacteria

ABSTRACT

The study was aimed at the migration and transformation of lead compounds in the rhizosphere, its accumulation in plants under the influence of the rhizosphere bacteria. For experiment, soil samples of the technogenous ecosystem contaminated differently by lead have been selected for plant growing. The samples were subdivided into control soil and the soil, inoculated by Azotobacter and Bacillus rhizobacteria. Lead concentrations have been analysed in easily exchangeable, carbonate, organic and Fe hydroxide-associated fractions as well in chelate forms and fulvic and humic acids. In soils, inoculated by rhizobacteria, there is an increased mobilisation of lead due to its decrease in humic acids and increase in fulvic acids. On technogenic soil, rhizobacteria initiate the immobilisation of Fe-hydroxide-bound, chelate-bound lead in the rhizosphere as well as lead occurring in roots. As a results, there is a decreased lead uptake by upper parts of plants. There is also a correlation between increasing soil alkalinity and increasing Pb accumulation in the roots of plants. The results of the experiment helped to understand more about the mechanisms of Pb compound behaviour under the influence of rhizobacteria that can be used for developing biotechnologies related to soil bioremediation and crop production.     

茜素络合剂-微分吸附计时电位法测定高含铁量土壤中铝形态

研究了茜素络合剂-微分吸附计时电位法(AC-ASV)测定土壤溶液中铝形态的最佳条件,着重探讨了共存离子,特别是土壤溶液中的无机离子和有机阴离子对测定铝的影响,建立了测定土壤溶液中铝形态方法。用该法可测定总反应性铝、总单核铝[Ala]和稳定性单核铝[Ali],由总反应性铝减去总单核铝求得酸溶性铝[Als],由总单核铝[Ala]减去稳定单核铝求得不稳定单核铝[Alo],与标准的Driscoll方法(阳离子树脂交换分离-8-羟基喹啉-原子吸收法)进行了比较。结果表明:茜素络合剂(AC)-微分吸附计时电位法灵敏度较高,铁的干扰较少。该法适合于测定含铁量比较高的土壤溶液中的铝形态。     

电动力学-竹炭吸附联合修复工艺对高岭土中镉的去除

采用电动力学-竹炭吸附对高岭土中的镉进行迁移吸附去除,并对处理前后土体中的镉进行形态分析.结果表明,在电压梯度为1V·cm-1的条件下,电动力场能够将镉从土壤表面解吸附进入土壤水相,从而增大其电移动性,联合竹炭的强吸附作用对土壤中的镉有很高的去除效率,在190h的运行时间内能够将土体中93%的镉迁移吸附去除,定期切换电场极性提高了处理效率并可以很好地维持土壤的pH值和水分,过程的电流随切换呈周期性变化.     

不同性质天然水中铜在虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)鳃表的形态及对虹鳟的毒性

测定了在差异很大的4种水样(京密引水渠、北京地下水、长江南京段和汤旺河)中铜对虹鳟(Oncorhynchusmykiss)的半致死浓度,同步分析了各类水样参数和鳃铜蓄积量.用生物配位模型计算了铜在水相的形态分布和在鱼鳃表面的吸附量.研究了铜的水相形态、鳃表吸附量和鱼鳃蓄积量及毒性的关系.结果表明,铜的毒性与水相游离铜含量并无线性关系,但与鳃组织蓄积量成正比.图6参10     

SDS－PAGE和HPLC－荧光检测分离鉴定恩施高硒区大豆中含硒蛋白

采用凝胶电泳技术分离恩施高硒地区大豆中的含硒蛋白组分，分辨出２７条蛋白条带。用高效液相色谱－荧光测定法对这些条带分别进行硒含量测定并进行空白扣除，发现其中有１３条带含硒。用标准分子量蛋白标定含硒蛋白组分分子量分别为：５８．１－６０．３；５２．５－５３．７；４６．８－５０．１；２９．５－３０．９；２８．８；２５．１－２５．７；２４．３；１９．７－２０．９；１８．４－１８．６；１６．８－１７．９；１６．１－１６．２；１５．２－１５．８和１４．３－１４．８ｋＤａ。     

烟气SOx、NOx监测中存在问题的探讨

对SOx、NOx的存在形态进行了热力学与化学平衡计算,据此提出了监测技术改进的建议。对工程检测、在线连续监测及大气污染物排放量的统计,也提出了初步的设想。     

宁波市浙贝母主产地土壤重金属形态分析及污染评价

为了解宁波浙贝母种植地土壤重金属分布特征,采用ICPAES测定了章水镇种质资源圃土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn质量比,用Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属的生态风险,BCR连续提取法分析其分布形态。结果表明,土壤中重金属元素总量从大到小排序为Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cd,其中Cd富集程度最高,平均质量比为背景值的8倍左右,超过国家二级土壤标准。Eir指数表明,Cd的潜在风险指数也最高,75%区域处于很高或高潜在生态风险;RI指数表明,90%区域处于高潜在生态风险或中潜在生态风险。土壤中重金属均以残渣态为主,但Zn的弱酸提取态、Cu的可氧化态比例相对较高,Cd的3种可提取态相加接近45%,具有高潜在危害性。相关性分析表明,Cu和Zn、Cr和Ni,以及Cu和Cd重金属的来源具有相似性,且不同形态重金属之间可能会发生迁移转化。p H值与各种重金属的形态之间不存在明显的相关关系,有机质对重金属化学形态的影响因重金属种类不同而有差异。     

磷酸对八宝景天热解过程中As、Pb迁移转化的影响

本文利用管式炉在不同温度下对八宝景天进行直接热解和磷酸预处理热解,研究了As、Pb的迁移特性和形态分布.结果表明：生物炭中As的回收率随温度升高波动,Pb的回收率随温度升高先增大后减小,As、Pb的回收率均在500℃时达到最大,分别为66.2%和73.08%.添加8%磷酸后As、Pb回收率在一定温度范围内增加,并在300℃时达到最大值,分别为83.75%和92.78%.热解温度由300℃升到600℃时,生物炭中As的稳定形态（F4+F5）由不足20%增加到70%左右,Pb的最稳定形态（F5）由3%增加到32%.添加8%磷酸热解后,生物炭中As的稳定性小幅增加,500和600℃时F5分别增加20%和5%;Pb的稳定性显著增加,（F4+F5）均达到90%以上.磷酸添加量对重金属形态分布无明显影响.实验结果表明采用磷酸预处理用于修复植物热解可提高生物炭中重金属As、Pb的回收率及稳定性,并可降低其生态风险指数.