二次飞灰理化特性及其Pb和Cu赋存形态

利用高温管式电炉，分别收集了1000，1150和1250℃条件下的二次飞灰，并利用XRF、EDX、XRD等手段对二次飞灰的理化特性及其重金属Pb和Cu的赋存形态进行了分析.结果表明：二次飞灰主要由重金属氯化物组成，重金属Pb和Cu的质量百分比分别为8.92%~10.11%和3.74%~5.73%；二次飞灰微观形貌分为不规则形状聚合体和多孔团絮集合体2种；二次飞灰极易吸潮，干燥的二次飞灰呈棕黄色，吸潮后逐渐变为黄色，最后变为糊状的蓝色浆体.     

锦州湾水体中锌、铅、隔存在形式及分布规律的研究

本文研究了锦州湾海域水体中重金属锌、铅、镉各化学形态的含量及其各形态分布特征,其特征变化动态表明,该海域中重金属以可溶态为主要存在形式,其中以水合氧化物为重要清除载体.重金属除周边岩石风化物质的自然背景值外,主要来源于沿岸工厂排废.水体中重金属是在潮流水动力作用下,受各种理化因素的影响,产生迁移和转化.三种元素形态转化强度 Zn>Pb>Cd,它们污染程度为Cd>Zn>Pb.通过多元回归计算求得重金属与环境因素 pH 值(X_(PH))、Eh 值(X_(Eb))、氯度(X_(cl))、溶解氧(X_(DO))、化学耗氧量(X(COD))的多元一次方程.     

Differences in the electroantennal responses of apple- and hawthorn-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella to host fruit volatile compounds

Summary. Domestic apple (Malus pumila)- and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.)-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella, Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae) provide an excellent model to examine the role that host plant specificity plays during sympatric speciation (i.e., divergence in the absence of geographic isolation). Previous work has shown that these races differ in their propensities to accept apple and hawthorn fruits in behavioral choice assays, and that this discrimination translates into "host fidelity" in the field (i.e., apple flies tend to mate on and oviposit into apples and hawthorn flies on hawthorns). ?We present the results of a study examining possible physiological factors contributing to host choice differences in R. pomonella. We tested whether apple and hawthorn flies differ in their electroantennogram (EAG) responses to biologically relevant volatile compounds emitted from apples and hawthorns. Significant differences were found in the relative EAG responses of apple and hawthorn flies to host fruit compounds at five of six paired study sites across the eastern United States. The geographic pattern of EAG variation was complex, however, with local populations of apple and hawthorn flies tending to be more similar to one another than to flies of the same race at distant sites. This pattern was largely due to EAG responses for several compounds showing longitudinal or latitudinal clines, the latitudinal clines being similar to those observed for allozyme loci in the host races. We also found evidence for sex-related differences, as males tended to have higher mean EAG responses to compounds than females. Host-associated differences were therefore nested within geographic and sex-related differentiation in R. pomonella.?Further behavioral studies are needed to distinguish whether the EAG differences are responsible for, as opposed to being a consequence of, host-plant fidelity and adaptation. Crosses are also required to establish a genetic basis for the EAG responses, although we did find significant correlations between EAG scores for several compounds and the allozymes NADH-Diaphorase-2 and Hydroxyacid dehydrogenase at one of the study sites. Questions therefore remain concerning the evolutionary significance of the EAG response differences between apple and hawthorn fly races. Nevertheless, these differences raise the possibility that antennal responses to fruit-related volatile compounds contribute to host plant discrimination in R. pomonella. Regardless, the EAG responses represent another set of traits, in addition to diapause/eclosion time phenotypes and allozyme frequencies, differing between apple and hawthorn host races of R. pomonella. Received 17 March 1998; accepted 21 September 1989.     

两次金汞齐—冷原子吸收光谱法测定雨水中不同形态汞

本文建立了两次金汞齐冷原子吸收光谱法测定雨水样品中总汞及活性汞、次活性汞和惰性汞的方法,该方法的最低检出限为０．５ｎｇ．ｌ＾－１,回收率为９６－１０５％,精密度ＲＳＤ≤５．３％,该方法还可用于其它天然水体中汞的形态测定。     

北黄海与渤海沉积物中磷形态的分布特征

对1998年9月和1999年5月渤海航次和1999年8月北黄海航次所采集的柱状沉积物和表层沉积物样品进行了P形态的六步连续提取分析，分析了各种形态P在表层及垂直方向上的分布特征。并通过对沉积物充空气和N2条件下培养前后各步形态P的测定，认识各步形态P培养前后的变化以及不同的氧化还原环境对各步形态P的影响。结果表明：从渤海到并黄海总P的含量逐步降低。碎屑磷灰石的含量在六步中含量最高，约占50%左右，其次是非活性有机磷，约占20%，其他几步含量较小；充N2培养沉积物样品中碎屑磷灰石的含量要比充空气的低，其他形态的P较充空气培养的略高或相关不大。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric mercury species over the Adriatic Sea

Field measurements of atmospheric mercury and related species were carried out during an intensive cruise campaign performed over the Adriatic sea from October 26th to November 12th, 2004 on board the R/V Urania. Hg⁰ ranged between 0.8 and 3.3 ng/m³ with an average of 1.6 ± 0.4 ng/m³ over the entire period. Hg(II) concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 62.8 pg/m³ with an average of 6.7 ± 11.7 pg/m³ whereas Hg-p levels were in a range of 0.04 and 51 pg/m³ with an average of 4.5 ± 8 pg/m³. Higher Hg⁰ and Hg-p concentrations were observed in the Gulf of Venice and Gulf of Trieste due primarily to air masses transported from the mainland reflecting the contribution from anthropogenic sources. In contrast, higher Hg(II) concentrations observed during the first period of the cruise campaign were likely due to the occurrence of photo-oxidants production which are the main players of the gas phase oxidation of to Hg(II)_(g). These findings have been confirmed by the backward trajectories analysis of air masses crossing the studied area during selected days.     

海州湾海洋牧场海域表层沉积物磷的形态与环境意义

采用沉积物无机磷分级方法结合上覆水初级生产力测定研究了海州湾海洋牧场海域表层沉积物磷的赋存形态及其生物有效性.结果表明:夏季总磷的含量高于春、秋两季,赋存形态以无机磷为主,平均占总磷的45.50%,各无机磷赋存形态的含量大小依次为:残渣态磷钙结合态磷铁铝结合态磷可交换态磷.其中可交换态磷、铁铝结合态磷以及钙结合态磷与有机碳含量成显著正相关(P0.01,R0.8).平面分布整体上呈现由近岸向远岸减小的趋势,这主要与陆源物质排放及沉积物自身质地有关.沉积物中的生物有效磷含量占总磷的36.95%,所占比例较大.     

深圳大气气溶胶中水溶性有机物粒径分布特征

建立了雾化器-气溶胶化学组分检测仪(ACSM)联用的分析方法,实现了对2013年春季深圳MOUDI多级采样膜(0.056~18μm)中WSOM与无机离子组分的同时测定.结果表明:所测得的水溶性颗粒物总质量浓度变化范围为(17.4±2.1)μg/m3,其中有机物和硫酸盐是最主要的两种化学组分;粗、细粒子中的WSOM主要以二次来源为主,且大部分粗粒子中的WSOM可能来源于非均相反应;不同粒径范围WSOM的氧化态(以O/C计)估计值在0.46~1.4范围内,平均为0.96,对应的有机物/有机碳比(OM/OC)估计值在1.8~2.9范围内,平均为2.4,粗粒子中WSOM的O/C比细粒子更高,暗示粗粒子中WSOM可能经历了更多的老化过程.     

典型污灌区土壤中Cd的形态、有效性及其影响因子

采集了北京、山东、天津、河北及辽宁5个典型污灌区土壤,外源添加1.20mg/kg 的Cd,经过30d老化后,研究了不同污灌区土壤中小麦Cd的吸收、转运系数,同时利用离子色谱及WHAM6.0模型对污灌区土壤溶液性质及自由Cd²⁺形态等进行了测定.结果表明,不同污灌区土壤中,小麦根、茎叶对Cd的富集系数（BCF）与植株体内Cd的根-茎叶转运系数（TF）有显著差异;二种不同Cd敏感性小麦茎叶对土壤Cd的富集系数为0.064~0.465,最大相差626.5%,不同污灌区土壤Cd的富集系数大小表现为辽宁棕壤最大,山东棕壤最小;植株根-茎叶Cd转运系数（TF）表现为河北褐土>辽宁棕壤~北京潮土>天津潮土>山东棕壤.不同污灌区土壤中,自由Cd²⁺形态含量与Cd植物有效性呈显著正相关;植株根、茎叶中Cd含量与土壤中自由Cd离子含量的负对数[p（Cd²⁺）]呈显著（P<0.001）的负相关关系,方程分别为：y=-3.3106x+17.681（R²=0.929）;y=-0.3389x+1.7743（R²=0.916）.外源添加1.20mg/kg Cd土壤中,溶液自由Cd²⁺形态的变化值[△p（Cd²⁺）]与pH值、EC含量呈正相关,而与溶液中Cl^-、Na⁺、Ca²⁺含量呈负相关.由此可以推断,由污灌引起的土壤中Cl^-、Na⁺、Ca²⁺等离子含量的增加将导致土壤中Cd环境风险增大.     

北京交通环境PM10分布特征及重金属形态分析

以北京市西三环航天桥地区为对象,研究了城市交通环境大气可吸入颗粒物浓度及主要化学组成随时间和粒径的分布特征. 结果表明:该地区大气中ρ(PM₁₀)冬季略高于春季,秋季次之,夏季最低;颗粒物中ρ(PM_2.5)/ρ(PM₁₀)和ρ(PM_1.0)/ρ(PM₁₀)平均值分别为82.6%和70.3%;ρ(PM₁₀)与ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀)与ρ(PM_1.0)之间均有显著的相关性. PM₁₀中金属元素浓度冬春季较高,夏秋季较低;Mg,Ca和Fe等地壳元素浓度随粒径的减小而降低,而Pb,Zn和Ni等重金属元素浓度总体上随粒径的减小而增加. 颗粒物中的Cr和Ni主要以有机物结合态存在,Cu,Zn和Cd主要以酸可提取态存在,Pb主要以酸可提取态和氧化物结合态存在;颗粒物中所含Cd和Zn元素的生物有效性最高. PM₁₀中水溶性ρ(SO₄2-)在夏季和冬季最高,秋季最低,而水溶性ρ(NO₃->/sup>)全年变化不大;［0.43～2.1 μm)粒径段颗粒物中的水溶性ρ(SO₄2-)及ρ(NO₃->/sup>)较高,分别占PM₁₀中水溶性ρ(SO₄2-)及ρ(NO₃->/sup>)总量的68.3%及57.6%;ρ(NO₃->/sup>)/ρ(SO₄2-)平均值为0.659.