Photodegradation of new amino acid derivatives suitable for chelating agents in pulp bleaching applications

The purpose of this study was to evaluate photodegradabilities of the following new low-nitrogen chelating agents: N-bis[(carboxymethoxy)ethyl]glycine (compound 1), N-bis[(1,2-dicarboxyethoxy)ethyl]glycine (compound 2) and N-bis[(1,2-dicarboxyethoxy)ethyl]aspartic acid (compound 3). At first photodegradation of these chelating agents as uncomplexed Na-compound 1–3 and Cu(II) complexes were tested, both in lake and distilled water, by exposing them to near-UV region radiation at the range of 315–400 nm. Uncomplexed Na-compounds 2 and 3 were selected to sunlight exposure experiments carried out in lake and distilled water. Compound 3 was also tested in sunlight as Cu and Ca complexes in both solutions. Photodegradation of Na₆-compound 3 in distilled water was studied by exposing it to radiation at the wavelength of 253.7 nm. Photodegradation products were analysed by means of GC-MS (gas chromatography with mass selective detector).

The results demonstrated that compound 1 was quite photostable even as Cu complex while compounds 2 and 3 were found to be photodegradable. Over 90% reduction of compound 3 was achieved during one week and 80% reduction of compound 2 in two weeks' time when they were added as Na salt to lake water and exposed to sunlight. Compound 3 as Cu complex degraded totally in the sunlight in less than one week. In the case of compound 3, the degradation rate decreased depending on the counter cation in the order Cu > Na  Ca. The study demonstrated that photodegradation of Na₆-compound 3 does not result in total mineralization of the compound. A photodegradation pathway for Na₆-compound 3 is proposed.     

Chromium in intertidal sediments of the Clyde,UK: potential for remobilisation and bioaccumulation

Detailed surveys of intertidal sediments have been performed along the north and south shores of the Inner Clyde estuary, UK. Surface sediment data reveal significant spatial variation in Cr content and an association with major sediment characteristics and location within the estuary. Depth variation for Cr and other heavy metals cannot be explained by variation in major geochemical controls such as grain size and organic matter and highlights the impact of historical contamination on sediment quality. These elevated levels at depth may still have environmental impact through redox-reactivity, in association with iron and manganese. Sequential extraction of sediments and pore water analysis of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) provide detailed information on release potential from the sediments. The implication of Cr mobility for biota in the estuary has been assessed by the analysis of a common marine bivalve, Mytilus edulis (Blue Mussel) and a burrowing polychaete, Nereis diversicolor (rag worm) from a number of survey sites. Bioconcentration factors for Mytilus indicate that the weakly held portion of sediment Cr is available for uptake and in the case of Nereis, bioaccumulation appears to be inhibited by sediment organic matter.     

湖北省铜绿山矿区农业土壤重金属形态及生物有效性

以铜绿山矿区农业土壤为研究对象,采用BCR连续提取法提取并测定了土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd四种重金属的形态和含量,分析了重金属各形态、土壤p H和有机质之间的相关性;并对重金属分布特征和有效性进行了分析,探究土壤本身性质对矿区农业土壤重金属及其生物有效性的影响因子。结果表明:矿区农业土壤受到重金属不同程度的污染,重金属的污染程度大小为:CuZnPbCd;各重金属之间存在不同程度的相关性,Pb和Zn之间显著相关,二者可能属于同源污染物;四种重金属总量与土壤的p H和有机质不存在相关性;Pb与Cu、Zn和Cd有效态含量之间有显著相关性,表明矿区农业土壤中重金属Pb与Cu、Zn和Cd有效态含量之间相互促进、相互影响的作用较强;矿区农业土壤p H值与Pb_(可还原态)、Cd_(可还原态)、Cd_(弱酸提取态)、Cd_(可氧化态)之间均存在显著相关关系;有机质含量与Pb_(可还原态)、Pb_(残渣态)、Cu_(残渣态)、Cd_(弱酸提取态)、Cd_(可还原态)、Cd_(可氧化态)之间相关性显著,可见土壤的p H值、有机质都会对土壤中重金属的化学形态产生一定的影响;土壤中Pb、Cd的生物有效性主要受其全量、土壤p H和有机质的影响,而Zn和Cu受其全量、土壤p H和有机质的影响较小。     

Differences in the electroantennal responses of apple- and hawthorn-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella to host fruit volatile compounds

Summary. Domestic apple (Malus pumila)- and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.)-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella, Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae) provide an excellent model to examine the role that host plant specificity plays during sympatric speciation (i.e., divergence in the absence of geographic isolation). Previous work has shown that these races differ in their propensities to accept apple and hawthorn fruits in behavioral choice assays, and that this discrimination translates into "host fidelity" in the field (i.e., apple flies tend to mate on and oviposit into apples and hawthorn flies on hawthorns). ?We present the results of a study examining possible physiological factors contributing to host choice differences in R. pomonella. We tested whether apple and hawthorn flies differ in their electroantennogram (EAG) responses to biologically relevant volatile compounds emitted from apples and hawthorns. Significant differences were found in the relative EAG responses of apple and hawthorn flies to host fruit compounds at five of six paired study sites across the eastern United States. The geographic pattern of EAG variation was complex, however, with local populations of apple and hawthorn flies tending to be more similar to one another than to flies of the same race at distant sites. This pattern was largely due to EAG responses for several compounds showing longitudinal or latitudinal clines, the latitudinal clines being similar to those observed for allozyme loci in the host races. We also found evidence for sex-related differences, as males tended to have higher mean EAG responses to compounds than females. Host-associated differences were therefore nested within geographic and sex-related differentiation in R. pomonella.?Further behavioral studies are needed to distinguish whether the EAG differences are responsible for, as opposed to being a consequence of, host-plant fidelity and adaptation. Crosses are also required to establish a genetic basis for the EAG responses, although we did find significant correlations between EAG scores for several compounds and the allozymes NADH-Diaphorase-2 and Hydroxyacid dehydrogenase at one of the study sites. Questions therefore remain concerning the evolutionary significance of the EAG response differences between apple and hawthorn fly races. Nevertheless, these differences raise the possibility that antennal responses to fruit-related volatile compounds contribute to host plant discrimination in R. pomonella. Regardless, the EAG responses represent another set of traits, in addition to diapause/eclosion time phenotypes and allozyme frequencies, differing between apple and hawthorn host races of R. pomonella. Received 17 March 1998; accepted 21 September 1989.     

北黄海与渤海沉积物中磷形态的分布特征

对1998年9月和1999年5月渤海航次和1999年8月北黄海航次所采集的柱状沉积物和表层沉积物样品进行了P形态的六步连续提取分析，分析了各种形态P在表层及垂直方向上的分布特征。并通过对沉积物充空气和N2条件下培养前后各步形态P的测定，认识各步形态P培养前后的变化以及不同的氧化还原环境对各步形态P的影响。结果表明：从渤海到并黄海总P的含量逐步降低。碎屑磷灰石的含量在六步中含量最高，约占50%左右，其次是非活性有机磷，约占20%，其他几步含量较小；充N2培养沉积物样品中碎屑磷灰石的含量要比充空气的低，其他形态的P较充空气培养的略高或相关不大。     

有机酸、 EDTA对不同水稻品种Cd吸收及土壤Cd形态的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd (0、 1和5 mg·kg^-1)污染下,外源有机酸、 EDTA对不同水稻品种产量、 品质、 Cd吸收以及土壤Cd形态和含量的影响.结果表明,加入有机酸、 EDTA提高了高Cd积累型水稻秀水63和常规品种Ⅱ优527产量,作用大小为有机酸、 有机酸+1/2EDTA>EDTA.加入有机酸、 EDTA降低了2个水稻品种的土壤交换态、 碳酸盐结合态和铁锰结合态Cd含量,但增加了土壤有机结合态和残渣态含量.加入有机酸、 EDTA使2个品种水稻秸秆、 根系、 籽粒Cd含量明显降低,其中,籽粒Cd含量分别下降了9.0%～49.3%和16.5%～30.6%(1 mg·kg^-1 Cd污染)、 12.7%～28.5%和4.3%～19.1%(5 mg·kg^-1 Cd污染),效果为EDTA>有机酸+1/2EDTA>有机酸.秸秆、 根、 籽粒Cd含量和积累量及土壤全Cd含量则以秀水63>Ⅱ优527,品种间差异达到显著水平（p<0.05）.有机酸+1/2EDTA既可降低Cd污染土壤上水稻籽粒中Cd含量,同时也提高了水稻的产量和品质.     

彩虹方头鱼(Paracheirodon innesi)鱼鳃微环境特性及铜的生物有效性

建立了测定小个体鱼种鳃部微环境特殊条件的高密度暴露方法，利用这种方法测定了彩虹方头鱼（Paracheirodon innesi）鱼鳃微环境的、 pH、碱度、粘液含量等参数， 并根据测定结果计算了鱼鳃微环境中铜的形态分布。结果表明：高密度暴露可在15s左右建立动态平衡，鱼鳃与外部水体平衡pH7.2。鱼鳃微环境中，碱度在碱性条件下迅速增加。计算并讨论了鱼鳃微环境与外部水相中铜的形态分布和有效态含量差异。     

传统酸浸和微波酸浸处理飞灰重金属的效果及重金属的形态变化特征

采用HCl作为浸出剂,在不同的浸出条件下对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属进行浸出试验,并采用连续提取程序对酸浸稳定化处理前后的Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn进行形态分析,研究了传统酸浸和微波酸浸对7种重金属的浸出效率及处理前后的形态变化特征.结果表明,酸浸处理能够有效地从飞灰中提取重金属,浸出效率依次为Zn≈Pb＞Cd＞Mn＞Cu＞Cr＞Ni.微波效应可以明显提高大部分重金属的浸出效率,在液固比(L/S)=25 mL/g、时间7 min和1 mol·L-1HCl条件下Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的浸出率分别为80.17%、15.05%、58.25%、62.42%、8.88%、89.25%和93.03%.对飞灰酸浸残渣进行的连续提取实验表明,传统和微波酸浸处理后飞灰中重金属的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态明显减少,重金属以残留态存在为主,飞灰稳定性显著提高.     

HPLC联用技术在环境砷形态分析上的应用

分别介绍了高效液相色谱与原子吸收光谱、原子发射光谱、原子荧光光谱和质谱的联用技术在环境中砷的形态分析中的应用     

南京市典型水域沉积物中重金属形态分布特征

采用顺序提取的方法对南京市典型河流和湖泊水域的沉积物进行重金属化学形态研究,分析了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr 6种重金属元素在不同水体沉积物中各个形态赋存的含量分布特征。结果表明,6种元素生物有效性排序为:Cd PbZn Cu Ni Cr,其中Cd和Pb以弱酸提取态和可还原态为主要存在形态,其不仅会对上覆水体产生二次污染,对水生动植物也具有较强的危害性。另外,通过结果间接反映出受人类生产生活影响大的水体,受污染的程度更高,各种金属元素赋存的形态也更易迁移转化,在环境治理方面更应受到重视。