外加镍在土壤中的形态与再分配

镍处理土壤经室内培养12周后,采用连续提取技术对试验土壤中镍的形态与再分配方式进行了研究。研究结果表明,外加的水溶性镍进入土壤后的主要存在形态与添加的剂量有关:低剂量时,以铁锰氧化态为主,这一形态在100mg·kg-1处理土壤中占比例最大,达到31.6%;高剂量时,以交换态为主,这一形态在1600mg·kg-1处理土壤中占比例最大,达到48.4%。随着镍添加剂量由0(对照)增加到1600mg·kg-1,再分配系数逐渐由1.00增大到30.65;金属结合强度系数则由0.90减小至0.25,也反映出进入土壤中镍的剂量较大时,镍是以不稳定的形态占优。试验结果也证实了土壤具有减小镍的环境危害的作用,但这种缓冲能力是有限的。随着时间的推移,镍的形态会继续发生变化,但这一转化过程是缓慢的。因此,一旦土壤发生重金属污染,其对土壤环境的影响将是长期的。     

纳米零价铁对铀尾矿库土壤中铀形态分布及固定效果的影响

针对纳米零价铁(nZVI)对铀尾矿库土壤中铀形态分布和U(Ⅵ)固定效果影响问题,采用逐级化学提取、毒性浸出(TCLP)和磁性分离实验,利用SEM-EDS和XRD对nZVI固定前后的铀尾矿土壤进行表征;研究了nZVI在不同投加量和pH条件下,对尾矿库土壤固定前后铀的形态分布和固定效果的影响,并对nZVI的固定机理进行了探讨。结果表明：当nZVI的投加量为8%、pH为5时,土壤中U(Ⅵ)的固定效果最好,固定后土壤中铀的毒性浸出值仅为13.98%;对经过nZVI处理后的铀尾矿土壤进行磁性分离发现,磁性和非磁性土壤重量占比分别为32.87%和67.13%,其铀含量分别达到55.05%和44.95%,说明nZVI对土壤中的U(Ⅵ)有较好的富集作用。nZVI对铀尾矿库土壤中的U(Ⅵ)有较好的原位固定和富集效果,并能减少土壤中铀的析出。     

Fenton氧化联合人工湿地处理污泥中的重金属

针对单独应用Fenton氧化技术处理污泥的不足以及人工湿地在处理污水污泥方面的优势,以污水处理厂污泥浓缩池中含重金属污泥为对象,研究其依次经过Fenton氧化和人工湿地处理后重金属的去除效果及形态变化,以及污泥pH、TN和TP的变化情况。结果表明,Fenton氧化提高了污泥重金属的生物有效性,并促进了人工湿地对重金属的去除。Fenton氧化污泥经人工湿地处理后,Cu、Zn、Ni和Mn的去除率分别为67.2%、79.7%、37.0%和17.0%,与对照相比重金属的平均去除率提高了27.5%。经人工湿地处理后Fenton氧化污泥和原污泥重金属的生物有效性均降低。Fenton氧化污泥pH为4.4～4.6,经人工湿地处理后为6.2～7.1。人工湿地对Fenton氧化污泥和原污泥中TN的影响较小,而对TP表现出较高的去除率,2系统TP的去除率分别为51.1%和45.5%。     

Speciation of heavy metals in estuarine sediments in the northeast of Brazil

An analytical procedure involving a three-step sequential extraction was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Mn and Fe) with the major phases (exchangable, reducible and oxidizable) in samples from a fishpond of estuarine sediments. The pond is located in the Capibaribe River estuary, within the boundaries of the city of Recife, in the State of Pernambuco in the northeast of Brazil. The total metal content was determined as well. All metals were extracted from the residual fraction at a percentage greater than 50%.     

Copper complexation by tannic acid in aqueous solution

The speciation of titrated copper in a dissolved tannic acid (TA) solution with an initial concentration of 4 mmol organic carbon (OC)/l was investigated in a nine-step titration experiment (Cu/OC molar ratio = 0.0030–0.0567). We differentiated between soluble and insoluble Cu species by 0.45 μm filtration. Measurements with a copper ion selective electrode (ISE) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) were conducted to quantify unbound Cu(II) cations (‘free’ Cu) and labile soluble Cu complexes. For the DGT measurements, we used an APA hydrogel and a Chelex 100 chelating resin (Na form). Insoluble organic Cu complexes (>0.45 μm) was the dominant Cu species for Cu/OC = 0.0030–0.0567 with a maximum fraction of 0.96 of total Cu. At Cu/OC > 0.0100, Cu-catalysed degradation of aggregate structures resulted in a strong increase of free Cu and (labile) soluble Cu complexes with a maximum fraction of 0.28 and 0.32 of total Cu, respectively. Labile (i.e. DGT-detectable) soluble Cu complexes had a relatively high averaged diffusion coefficient (D) in the APA hydrogel (3.50 × 10⁻⁶– 5.58 × 10⁻⁶ cm² s⁻¹).     

同步辐射光谱技术在有机固废污染控制与资源化研究中的应用

有机固废中碳、磷、硫及重金属等元素赋存形态是决定其环境行为、反应活性及资源化再利用的关键因素.同步辐射光谱技术可以在分子水平、微纳米尺度原位表征有机固废中碳、磷、硫、重金属等元素赋存形态、结合位点、微观结构,为深入阐明有机固废环境行为、反应机制提供直接的证据.概述了X射线吸收光谱、微束X射线荧光光谱等同步辐射光谱技术在...     

纳米零价铁与黑曲霉发酵液联用对砷锑污染土壤的淋洗修复

土壤砷 (As) 、锑 (Sb) 污染对生态环境和人体健康有着潜在的风险,采用黑曲霉发酵液 (FB) 与纳米零价铁 (nZVI) 联用淋洗修复As、Sb污染土壤。通过振荡淋洗实验,探究nZVI强化FB淋洗去除As、Sb的效果及不同条件下对As、Sb淋洗效率的影响。结果表明,制备的FB对污染土壤中As和Sb有着较好的去除效果,去除率可达84.1%和71.8%;nZVI对FB去除As、Sb有强化作用,在nZVI质量浓度为0.1 g·L⁻¹、pH为1和淋洗时间为60 min的条件下,其淋洗效果最佳,对As、Sb淋洗效率可达96.6%和95.6%,修复后的土壤达到《土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准 (试行) 》 (GB 36600-2018) 二类用地标准。nZVI-FB对土壤中As、Sb的解吸动力学符合拟二级动力学方程。nZVI-FB能够有效的提取土壤中As、Sb的铁铝氧化物结合态。本研究结果可为As、Sb复合污染土壤的淋洗修复提供参考。     

The dynamics of arsenic in four paddy fields in the Bengal delta

Irrigation with arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Bengal Delta may lead to As accumulation in the soil and rice grain. The dynamics of As concentration and speciation in paddy fields during dry season (boro) rice cultivation were investigated at 4 sites in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. Three sites which were irrigated with high As groundwater had elevated As concentrations in the soils, showing a significant gradient from the irrigation inlet across the field. Arsenic concentration and speciation in soil pore water varied temporally and spatially; higher As concentrations were associated with an increasing percentage of arsenite, indicating a reductive mobilization. Concentrations of As in rice grain varied by 2-7 fold within individual fields and were poorly related with the soil As concentration. A field site employing alternating flooded-dry irrigation produced the lowest range of grain As concentration, suggesting a lower soil As availability caused by periodic aerobic conditions.     

环境中有机锡化合物形态分析方法进展

本文综述了国内外近２０年来环境样品中有机锡化合物的分析技术。对有机锡样品的衍生技术进行了评价：系统介绍了检测有机锡化合物的气相色谱（ＧＣ）联用技术、高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）联用技术以及超临界流体液相色谱（ＳＦＣ）联用技术。