特殊阻力与喷枪喷头结构合理设计

喷枪喷头的结构设计和加工质量可大幅度地影响射流质量和喷射效果。本文重点论述了合理结构设计对减少特殊阻力、提高喷头效率的影响。同时提出了减少特殊阻力的具体措施。这对提高射流的打击效果和工作效率大有稗益。     

瓦斯充气防爆的负熵机理

借助于耗散结构理论，分析了瓦斯引爆的温熵图及防爆的负熵机理，并对充Ｎ２抽放低浓度瓦斯的可行性进行了探讨。     

MATERIALS INPUT OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN: A SYNOPTIC APPRAISAL1

ABSTRACT: The complex morphometry of Lake Champlain requires that detailed, regional studies be made, and the results integrated, to yield total lake conditions. Using specific conductance measurements, and values of total dissolved solids calculated from them, we present an approach to assessing the materials budget of the lake. The sampling program involved inventorying all 319 tributaries, determining the watershed area for each, and dividing the Champlain basin into appropriate hydrographic regions. Data were obtained from samples collected from 41 selected streams (representing 97.5% of the annual water input), sampling occurring in all seasons of the year since 1970. Results indicate that over one million metric tonnes of total dissolved solids enter Lake Champlain annually, about two-thirds (63%) from the eastern (Vermont) portion and almost one-fourth (22%) from the western (New York) part of the drainage basin, the remainder (15%) entering from the south end. Of the total quantity added annually, 17.4% is retained in the lake, indicating that a solids build-up is occurring, at a significant rate. We suggest that specific conductance, and therefore total dissolved solids, be utilized as a convenient indicator of water quality conditions, and results applied to permit more efficient watershed management.     

PREDICTING BASE FLOW USING HYDROGEOLOGIC PARAMETERS1

ABSTRACT: A method is presented for predicting base flow using easily measured, or estimated, hydrogeologic parameters. A mathematical model based upon the theory of subsurface flow to parallel drains is applied to a small watershed in Oklahoma. An example of model application is presented for a five-year period of record from this small watershed. Three years of data are used to calibrate the model, and two years of data are used for model validation. Hydrographs of observed and predicted base flow are presented for the five-year period of record. We concluded from this limited application of the model, on a small watershed, that the modeling techniques discussed herein were valid and should be tested for longer time periods on a larger watershed to determine their general applicability.     

A hybrid fenton oxidation-microbial treatment for soil highly contaminated with benz(a)anthracene

In order to mitigate the strong microbial resistance of benz(a)anthracene [B(a)A] in soil, a hybrid treatment of Fenton oxidation followed microbial culture was carried out. Based on optimal Fenton oxidation, i.e., 1.0 ml of ethanol, 0.2 ml of 0.5 M Fe²⁺, and 0.3 ml of 30% H₂O₂ per 1 g of 500 mg B(a)A/kg soil, about 43% of B(a)A-7,12-dione was generated during oxidation of 97% B(a)A. When the comparative biodegradability between B(a)A-contaminated soil and B(a)A-contaminated soil after Fenton oxidation was examined, it was found that 98% of B(a)A-7,12-dione degraded after 63 d in comparison with only 12% of B(a)A over the same period; results demonstrating that Fenton oxidation enhances biodegradability of B(a)A through B(a)A-7,12-dione.     

不同超滤膜过滤天然有机物的膜污染特性研究

超滤膜的截留分子量、天然有机物的分子量分布以及两者之间的相对关系对于膜污染以及过滤阻力的组成有很大的影响。MWCO140kDa、70kDa、30kDa、10kDa、4kDa和1kDa的超滤膜过滤10mg/L腐殖酸溶液和未名湖湖水的试验结果表明,在过滤初始时刻就发生了膜污染,膜的截留分子量越大,膜污染越显著。在长期过滤的过程中,截留分子量>10kDa的超滤膜的过滤阻力受到膜污染的控制,膜孔堵塞和膜面形成凝胶层是造成膜污染的主要原因;当膜的截留分子量≤10kDa时,过滤阻力主要由膜本身固有的阻力决定,膜污染影响较小。不同浓度、类型的腐殖酸溶液和不同种类的超滤膜过滤试验数据分析表明,当膜对腐殖酸分子的截留率超过40%时,膜污染的程度会逐渐减小,过滤阻力将由膜本身固有的阻力控制。     

Analysis of anaerobic BTX biodegradation in a subarctic aquifer using isotopes and benzylsuccinates

In situ biodegradation of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer near Fairbanks, Alaska was assessed using carbon and hydrogen compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of benzene and toluene and analysis of signature metabolites for toluene (benzylsuccinate) and xylenes (methylbenzylsuccinates). Carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of benzene were between -25.9 per thousand and -26.8 per thousand for delta13C and -119 per thousand and -136 per thousand for delta2H, suggesting that biodegradation of benzene is unlikely at this site. However, biodegradation of both xylenes and toluene were documented in this subarctic aquifer. Biodegradation of xylenes was indicated by the presence of methylbenzylsuccinates with concentrations of 17-50 microg/L in three wells. Anaerobic toluene biodegradation was also indicated by benzylsuccinate concentrations of 10-49 microg/L in the three wells with the highest toluene concentrations (1500-5000 microg/L toluene). Since benzylsuccinate typically accounts for a very small fraction of the toluene present in groundwater (generally <1 mol%), the signature metabolite approach works best at higher toluene concentrations when it is not constrained by detection limits. In wells with lower toluene concentrations (410-640 microg/L), carbon and hydrogen isotopic values were enriched by up to approximately 2 per thousand for delta13C and approximately 70 per thousand for delta2H. This evidence of isotopic fractionation verifies the effects of biodegradation in these low concentration wells where metabolites may already be below detection limits. The combined use of signature metabolite and CSIA data is particularly valuable given the challenge of verifying biodegradation in subarctic environments where degradation rates are typically much slower than in temperate environments.     

三个苜蓿品种对镉污染的生理生态反应及抗性比较

研究了镉对苜蓿(3个品种)发芽势、发芽率、根长、芽长、根鲜重等形态指标和SOD活性等生理指标的影响,以及镉污染期细胞膜透性的变化情况。探讨了镉胁迫下3个苜蓿品种抗性的差异,结果表明:30mg.L-1 Cd处理,严重抑制胚根、胚芽的增长,且鲜重急剧下降,随Cd处理质量浓度加大,3个品种SOD活性都呈上升趋势,其中多叶苜蓿升幅最大。高Cd处理(50 mg.L-1),3个品种SOD活性均有所下降。重度胁迫下,3个品种相对电导率和地上部Cd含量都增大,且品种间差异显著,相对电导率以多叶苜蓿最小,准格尔苜蓿最大,Cd含量的顺序为准格尔苜蓿>肇东苜蓿>多叶苜蓿。综合评价多叶苜蓿抗性较强,肇东苜蓿次之,准格尔苜蓿抗性较弱。     

瞬时表达比较马铃薯X病毒CP基因3种结构对RNA沉默的诱导效果

RNA沉默是植物抵御病毒侵染的一种防卫机制,病原来源的抗性(pathogen-derived resistance,PDR)被认为是通过RNA沉默起作用的.转化的核酸片段在基因组中的位置、长短和不同排列结构等均影响RNA沉默的效率.用全长马铃薯X病毒(PVX)CP基因构建非翻译的正义、反义和反向重复结构转基因的植物表达载体,通过农杆菌渗入法瞬时表达测试了这些转基因对RNA介导抗性的诱导效率和有效性.结果表明,反向重复的PVXCP是更为有效的RNA沉默诱导因子,同时也证明让目的基因在受试植物中瞬时表达,在转化植物之前能比较快速地检测转基因的表达情况以及表达产物的功能,从而节约时间和资源,并减少盲目性.图3表2参21     

基于双热阻模型的典型芯片封装热分析及评估方法

目的研究基于双热阻模型的芯片封装热分析及评估方法,并对比分析芯片封装不同建模方式对热分析结果的影响。方法采用双热阻模型建立某ECU产品的芯片封装模型,并与"集总参数法"建模法的计算结果进行对比分析与评价。根据案例中典型的实测环境(试验箱),建立等效环境模型,并进行对比分析。结果采用双热阻模型建模的器件热仿真结果更精确,且能较好地反映芯片封装的实际热分布,从而便于发现芯片散热措施的热设计缺陷。集总参数法在应用与芯片封装建模分析时,计算误差相对较大,且无法准确表现芯片的实际散热情况。另一方面,是否建立实测环境的等效模型对计算结果影响较大。结论双热阻模型能较好地适用于芯片封装简化建模,在应用于封装芯片热分析时具有更高的精确度,且参数获取难度不大,具备较大的工程应用价值。