利用EROD生物测试法快速筛选二噁类化合物

环境样品采集于湖北省鸭儿湖地区。每一样品分作两份,一份用于高分辨色质联用多离子检测法测定,另一份样品的提取液经多层色谱净化后再用7－乙氧基－异吩　唑酮－脱乙基酶（EROD）活力诱导法进行生物测试。PCDDs/PCDF＿s和PCB＿s总的TCDD毒性等价指数（TEQ＿s）最高,分别为1090ng/kg和996ng/kg。说明湖中二　　类化合物来源于附近化工厂有机氯生产排放的污水。同时,周围农田中发现的二　　类化合物数量少得多。这些化合物可能是来自于污水灌溉或大气尘降。在本研究中,EROD生物测试法具有良好的剂量效应关系,适合于对环境样品中的二　　类化合物进行快速定量筛选,而HRGC/HRMS－MID对生物测试所获得的数据作了进一步确认。     

La对Cd伤害大豆幼苗的生态生理作用

以盆载法研究了Cd对大豆幼苗的伤害及La对Cd伤害的缓解效应。结果表明,500mg/L CdCl₂严重抑制大豆幼苗的代谢与生长,叶面喷布30mg/LLaCl³一次,能缓解Cd毒造成的伤害。实验证明,这与La能增加大豆幼苗光合速率,提高叶绿素含量与硝酸还原酶活性、降低细胞质膜透性与植株体内Cd含量、维持TTC还原力等多重作用相关。     

水中五氯酚钠对发光细菌毒性测定的影响因素

应用发光细菌检测法,考察了不同的影响因素对水体中典型的有机污染物五氯酚钠的生物毒性测定结果的影响.结果表明,五氯酚钠对发光细菌的EC₅₀值随着pH值和硬度的增加而增加;五氯酚钠的15 min EC₅₀和20 min EC₅₀基本相符;与水体中相同浓度的常规有机污染物相比,五氯酚钠表现出更强的毒性,实验中常规有机污染物的存在对五氯酚钠毒性测定的结果影响较小.原水毒性检测实验显示一定毒性(相对发光率降低14%),原水水质对测定结果影响程度与去离子水相似.     

Occupational exposures,delivered doses and exposure limits for chromium and nickel†

The interaction of HCH (50 mg/kg) and dietary protein levels on microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes system and liver lipids were studied in the rats for 90 days. The results indicated that rats fed a lower protein diet and HCH has a higher rate of mortality, lower rate of growth and an increased liver weight. A significant induction in the hepatic microsomal aminopyrine‐N‐demethylase, p‐nitroanisole‐O‐dealkylase, benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activity was observed in pesticide treated animals as compared to control animals. The pathological changes observed in liver of HCH treated animals consisted mainly of necrosis and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes. HCH also induced the significant accumulation of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipid and total lipid in liver in low protein diet animals. Protein accelerates the metabolism of HCH, resulting in a decrease of HCH concentration with the increase of dietary protein level. A close correlation existed between lipid accumulation, induction of drug metabolizing enzyme system and deposition of HCH in liver.     

不同生境薇甘菊土壤种子库与幼苗库的特征

通过野外定点取样与萌发试验相结合的方法,研究云南德宏州陇川县不同生境薇甘菊入侵地区的土壤种子库与幼苗库的特征.结果表明,根据土壤种子库萌发后的植物鉴定结果,橡胶林、林地、灌丛、草地和河岸边这5种生境共统计到40种植物,隶属18科.不同生境薇甘菊入侵群落的物种组成、种子萌发特性与空间分布及其幼苗库存在明显差异,橡胶林、林地、灌丛、草地和河岸边的薇甘菊种子密度分别为75、109、165、124和53粒·m-2,且各生境间差异显著(P＜0.05).室内萌发试验表明,薇甘菊土壤种子库萌发时间持续8周,其中第3～5周的萌发速度最快;土壤垂直方向上,0～2、＞2～5、＞5～10 cm深度土层薇甘菊种子分别占0～10 cm土层种子总数的81％、17％和2％.野外薇甘菊土壤幼苗库萌发时间持续6个月(5-10月),其中6-8月萌发速度较快.     

Effects of of V,Cr single and combined stress on the growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedling

采用水培法研究了V（Ⅴ）、Cr（Ⅵ）单一及复合胁迫对小麦幼苗生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明,无论单一或复合胁迫,随着V、Cr浓度的增加,小麦幼苗鲜重、株高、叶绿素含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势.当V≤5 mg.L-1、Cr≤10 mg.L-1,小麦的鲜重、株高、叶绿素含量均高于对照,当V〉5 mg.L-1、Cr〉10 mg.L-1,则分别比对照降低0.2%—46.8%、0.8%—40.7%和2.5%—76.9%.丙二醛含量随着V、Cr胁迫浓度的增加而增大,与对照相比,含量增加了7.5%—251.6%.在V、Cr单一胁迫下,随着金属浓度增加细胞膜透性增大,比对照增加17.8%—59.8%,根系活力则下降8.1%—53.0%;复合胁迫时细胞膜透性先下降后上升,但始终高于对照,比对照增加了0.6%—126.2%;根系活力呈先升高后下降的趋势,降低6.1%—97.3%.研究表明在低浓度范围,复合胁迫在一定程度上可以缓解单一金属对小麦的毒害,对小麦幼苗生长具有拮抗作用;在高浓度范围两种金属复合胁迫对小麦幼苗的损伤和毒害作用比单一金属伤害更为严重,表现为协同作用.单一胁迫中Cr对小麦幼苗的毒性比V大.     

草甘膦与镉复合胁迫对玉米幼苗抗氧化酶活性及光合作用的影响

为了探讨草甘膦(PMG)与重金属镉(Cd)复合胁迫对作物(玉米幼苗)生长的影响作用机制。通过温室盆栽试验,分别进行了不同浓度的PMG单一处理(浓度分别设计为0、1.25、2.5、5、10、20 mg·kg~(-1))和不同浓度的PMG(浓度分别为0、1.25、2.5、5、10、20 mg·kg~(-1))与浓度5 mg·kg~(-1)Cd2+的复合处理。采用分光光度法和连续激发式荧光仪分别对玉米幼苗抗氧化酶(过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT、超氧化物歧化酶SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素含量、荧光动力学曲线及相关参数进行了测定。结果表明,单一和复合胁迫分别在PMG浓度为1.25~5 mg·kg~(-1)、1.25~2.5 mg·kg~(-1)时,玉米幼苗通过增大抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,清除积累过多的活性氧自由基,提高叶绿素含量的合成,加大光合作用速率,促进玉米幼苗的生长;单一和复合胁迫分别在PMG浓度为5~20 mg·kg~(-1)、2.5~20 mg·kg~(-1)时,由于玉米幼苗积累了过多的膜脂过氧化物,导致抗氧化系统损坏,阻碍叶绿素含量的合成,同时也损害了PSII的功能(MO、φPO、ΨO、φEO、φDO、ABS/RC、TRO/RC、ETO/RC、DIO/RC、PIABS),导致玉米幼苗光合作用受到抑制,阻碍幼苗的生长。研究表明,草甘膦单一胁迫和与重金属镉复合胁迫,对玉米幼苗酶活性及光合作用的影响,均随处理浓度的升高表现为双阶段性,低浓度促进,高浓度抑制;与同浓度的PMG单一处理相比,Cd2+的存在,加大了PMG单独存在时的损害作用,使得玉米幼苗对PMG胁迫的敏感浓度点从5 mg·kg~(-1)降低到2.5 mg·kg~(-1)。     

Reproduction of the Siberian spruce in the timberline ecotone of the Iremel’ Massif

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cones and seeds and the emergence and survival of seedlings in the Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) were studied in different parts of the timberline ecotone on the Iremel’ Massif, the Southern Urals, from 2003 to 2006. In the productive year 2003, a decrease in the number of cones (from 110000 to 3000 per hectare), the yield of seeds (from 13 × 10⁶ to 0.09 × 10⁶ per hectare), and their laboratory germination rate (from 34 to 14%) with an increase in elevation above sea level was recorded. In 2004, significant differences in the number of seedlings per hectare were revealed between the lower, middle, and upper parts of the ecotone (85 200, 19 800, and 0–400 ind., respectively). It has been shown that the greater part of seedlings (76–96%) perish during the first cold period. New generations of spruce trees are formed only after productive years. Seed production and seedling mortality in spruce apparently depend not only on air temperature and soil moistening but also on snow depth and soil temperature, which change more abruptly along the altitudinal gradient.     

内分泌干扰类农药生物检测技术的研究进展

内分泌干扰类农药会严重影响人类和其他动物的健康,而生物检测技术是内分泌干扰类农药的快速、简便的检测方法.本文介绍了内分泌干扰类农药常用的生物检测方法与技术,主要包括活体试验、离体试验与非细胞试验,并比较了各种方法的优缺点,列举了各方法在国内外环境激素测评中的应用现状,为我国内分泌干扰类农药生物检测技术的开发与应用提供了...     

Combining a generic process-based productivity model and a statistical classification method to predict the presence and absence of tree species in the Pacific Northwest,U.S.A.

Although long-lived tree species experience considerable environmental variation over their life spans, their geographical distributions reflect sensitivity mainly to mean monthly climatic conditions. We introduce an approach that incorporates a physiologically based growth model to illustrate how a half-dozen tree species differ in their responses to monthly variation in four climatic-related variables: water availability, deviations from an optimum temperature, atmospheric humidity deficits, and the frequency of frost. Rather than use climatic data directly to correlate with a species’ distribution, we assess the relative constraints of each of the four variables as they affect predicted monthly photosynthesis for Douglas-fir, the most widely distributed species in the region. We apply an automated regression-tree analysis to create a suite of rules, which differentially rank the relative importance of the four climatic modifiers for each species, and provide a basis for predicting a species’ presence or absence on 3737 uniformly distributed U.S. Forest Services’ Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) field survey plots. Results of this generalized rule-based approach were encouraging, with weighted accuracy, which combines the correct prediction of both presence and absence on FIA survey plots, averaging 87%. A wider sampling of climatic conditions throughout the full range of a species’ distribution should improve the basis for creating rules and the possibility of predicting future shifts in the geographic distribution of species.