厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的长期保藏及快速活性恢复

在4℃且无基质的条件下,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥保藏230 d之后进行活性恢复,探究添加葡萄糖和丙酸钠两种有机碳源对于快速活性恢复的影响.经过230 d的长期保藏,厌氧氨氧化菌活性为0.013 g·(g·d)-1,仅为保藏前的6.02％,且平均粒径为135.05 μm,骤降至原来的38.23％,污泥解体、颜色发黑.在活性恢...     

C3H6和C3H8的性质差异对Pt-Rh型汽车排气催化剂起燃特性的影响

在实验室模拟研究中,丙烷和丙烯在Pt-Rh型汽车尾气催化剂表面的催化氧化性能的差异,会对催化剂的起燃特性表现造成影响.由于丙烯在催化剂表面存在较严重的自中毒作用,使得CO和NOx的低温起燃特性变差.在低温下,由于丙烷相对丙烯催化燃烧速率较慢,剩余的氧气和NOx发生竞争反应,导致NOx的温度-转化率曲线出现S型的起伏.     

双驱动反应器中热钾碱吸收二氧化碳的动力学研究

采用双驱动反应器研究了热钾碱吸收二氧化碳的反应动力学,根据双膜理论,应用CO_2-H_2O体系,实验首先对气相传质过程进行了研究,结果表明:当气相体积流量为80 m L·min~(-1)时,气相搅拌速度在100 r·min~(-1)时可认为气膜阻力消去.通过改变液相搅拌转速,研究了液相传质系数kL变化规律,获得了k_L的无因次关联式.根据热钾碱吸收CO_2反应机理,获得了宏观动力学方程,并结合溶液的非理想性,对速率方程中的浓度效应进行了校正,通过实验测定并进行了模型参数估值,各参数分别为:表观活化能E_(ob)=21.9308 k J·mol~(-1),表观反应级数n=0.1399,表观指前因子K'_0=1.1908×10~(-4)mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1).在此基础上,通过计算获得了热钾碱吸收CO_2的本征动力学方程,各模型参数分别为:本征反应活化能E=59.57 k J·mol~(-1),指前因子k_0=2.1802×1011m~3·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).为进行整个过程反应机制的判断,计算了膜内转化系数γ,结果表明该值远大于2,可知CO_2吸收为快速反应过程,反应主要集中在膜内完成,并由此可知工业反应器选型应采用比相界面积较大的填料塔为优.     

Heterogeneous reaction of SO2 on CaCO3 particles: Different impacts of NO2 and acetic acid on the sulfite and sulfate formation

Despite the heterogeneous reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) on mineral dust particles significantly affects the atmospheric environment, the effect of acidic gases on the formation of sulfite and sulfate from this reaction is not particularly clear. In this work, using the in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) technique, we employed a mineral dust particle model (CaCO₃) combined with NO₂ and acetic acid to investigate their effects on the heterogeneous reaction of SO₂ on CaCO₃ particles. It was found that water vapor can promote the formation of sulfite and simulated radiation can facilitate the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate. The addition of NO₂ or acetic acid to the reaction system altered the production of sulfate and sulfite accordingly. There was a synergistic effect between NO₂ and SO₂ that promoted the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, and a competitive effect between acetic acid and SO₂ that inhibited the formation of sulfite. Moreover, light and water vapor can also affect the heterogeneous reaction of SO₂ with the coexistence of multiple gases. These findings improve our understanding of the effects of organic and inorganic gases and environmental factors on the formation of sulfite and sulfate in heterogeneous reactions.     

Airborne myxomycete spores: detection using molecular techniques

Myxomycetes are organisms characterized by a life cycle that includes a fruiting body stage. Myxomycete fruiting bodies contain spores, and wind dispersal of the spores is considered important for this organism to colonize new areas. In this study, the presence of airborne myxomycetes and the temporal changes in the myxomycete composition of atmospheric particles (aerosols) were investigated with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for Didymiaceae and Physaraceae. Twenty-one aerosol samples were collected on the roof of a three-story building located in Sapporo, Hokkaido Island, northern Japan. PCR analysis of DNA extracts from the aerosol samples indicated the presence of airborne myxomycetes in all the samples, except for the one collected during the snowfall season. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the PCR products showed seasonally varying banding patterns. The detected DGGE bands were subjected to sequence analyses, and four out of nine obtained sequences were identical to those of fruiting body samples collected in Hokkaido Island. It appears that the difference in the fruiting period of each species was correlated with the seasonal changes in the myxomycete composition of the aerosols. Molecular evidence shows that newly formed spores are released and dispersed in the air, suggesting that wind-driven dispersal of spores is an important process in the life history of myxomycetes. This study is the first to detect airborne myxomycetes with the use of molecular ecological analyses and to characterize their seasonal distribution.     

阴离子膜矿浆电解回收干电池正极材料中的锰

研究了硫酸介质中阴离子膜矿浆电解回收废旧干电池正极材料中锰的工艺条件。实验结果表明,阴极室浸出锰离子的较佳条件为:电流密度150A/m2,酸度1.0mol/L,液固比8∶1,温度20℃。在此条件下恒电流电解90min,锰的回收率为25.77%,阴极表观电流效率为101.1%。经反应机理分析得出,在浸出前1h,反应的控制步骤为混合控制,1h后为化学反应控制,活化能为52.85kJ/mol。采用该法可实现资源的循环利用,具有环境和经济效益。     

污水同步脱氮除磷技术及运行控制要点

以污水脱氮除磷机理为基础,从反应动力学和过程动力学角度对同步脱氮除磷的主要影响因素:溶解氧DO浓度、有机负荷、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐浓度、污泥龄θC、流态和回流比进行了分析,指出通过模拟试验来确定运行控制参数并对其进行智能控制(IC),可保证系统稳定、高效、节能运行。     

人为源和生物源排放对臭氧的贡献 ——以春夏季东亚地区为例

利用因子分离法区分NOx与人为、生物源VOCs(AVOCs、BVOCs)分别对东亚地区近地面O3浓度的纯贡献与协同贡献,基于区域空气质量模式(RAQM)讨论了2000年春、夏季排放源的总贡献以及协同贡献的空间分布.结果表明,光化学反应在日最大O3浓度的形成中占很大比例,我国北方大部分地区源的贡献夏季最大,南方受东亚季风影响,夏季最小.AVOCs与NOx、BVOCs与NOx的协同效应加强了光化学反应中O3的形成.AVOCs与NOx的协同贡献季节性变化特征显著,我国南方大部分地区夏季最小.BVOCs与NOx的协同贡献在我国南北方差异很大,春季高值区主要分布在南方大部分地区,北方峰值出现在夏季.说明臭氧调控对策的制定除源排放大小外还须考虑地域差异和季节变化.     

辣根过氧化物酶处理酚和氯酚的催化特性研究

为了研究辣根过氧化物酶处理酚和氯酚的动力学过程,采用人工配不试验,测定了ｐＨ对酶催化反应的影响,Ｈ２Ｏ２抑制酶催化反应的动力学参数和不同度物的酶催化反应动力学参数,结果表明,在试验的ｐＨ范围内,ｐＨ为９时过氧化物酶对苯酚和对氯苯酚的去除效率最高,分别达到９９．５％和９５％。     

厌氧(水解)—好氧处理工艺的理论与实践

对厌氧、好氧工艺在污水处理领域的作用和新的应用领域进行了探讨。厌氧和好氧处理工艺各有优点和缺点,而厌氧 好氧联合处理工艺可以发挥单独工艺的优点,厌氧 好氧联合处理工艺在难降解污水的处理上有其独特的优点。对水解工艺理论分析结果和进一步的实验研究表明,工艺本身还有巨大的潜力,用作高固体含量废水厌氧处理的预处理单元。可以解决高悬浮物和含脂类物质给厌氧工艺带来的抑制和破坏等问题,为解决这类工业废水的厌氧处理开拓了一条可行的技术路线。对于厌氧、好氧和兼性微生物,特别是兼性微生物作用的深入研究,有助于进一步开发高效率、低能耗的污水处理新工艺。