活性焦脱硫工艺的研究进展

活性焦作为一种高效吸附剂,在烟气脱硫领域显示了广阔的应用前景。在分析国内外活性焦脱硫技术应用情况的基础上,介绍了活性焦的脱硫机理,综述了不同的活性焦脱硫工艺及再生方法,指出了未来研究方向。     

Application of hydration reaction on the removal of recalcitrant contaminants in leachate after biological treatment

Leachate contains amounts of non-biodegradable matters with COD range of 400–1500 mg/L after the biological treatment, and should be removed further to attain the Chinese discharge standards. Hydration reaction has the potential to combine and solidify some recalcitrant substances, and thus could be applied as the advanced leachate treatment process. It was found that COD and NH₃N decreased from 485 to <250 mg/L and 91 to 10 mg/L, with the removal rate over 50% and 90% in the first 6 d, respectively, and COD and NH₃N removal capacity were around 23.7 and 9.2 mg/g under the test conditions. The percentage of the substances with low Mn range of <1000 decreased from 32.9% to 3.2% in leachate after hydration reaction. Tricalcium aluminate, tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate were the most activity compounds successively for the pollutant removal in leachate, and hydration reaction could be the option for the advanced wastewater treatment process thereafter.     

Application of an early warning indicator and CaO to maximize the time–space-yield of an completely mixed waste digester using rape seed oil as co-substrate

In order to increase the organic loading rate (OLR) and hereby the performance of biogas plants an early warning indicator (EWI-VFA/Ca) was applied in a laboratory-scale biogas digester to control process stability and to steer additive dosing. As soon as the EWI-VFA/Ca indicated the change from stable to instable process conditions, calcium oxide was charged as a countermeasure to raise the pH and to bind long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) by formation of aggregates. An interval of eight days between two increases of the OLR, which corresponded to 38% of the hydraulic residence time (HRT), was sufficient for process adaptation. An OLR increase by a factor of three within six weeks was successfully used for biogas production. The OLR was increased to 9.5 kg volatile solids (VS) m^?3 d^?1 with up to 87% of fat. The high loading rates affected neither the microbial community negatively nor the biogas production process. Despite the increase of the organic load to high rates, methane production yielded almost its optimum, amounting to 0.9 m³ (kg VS)^?1. Beneath several uncharacterized members of the phylum Firmicutes mostly belonging to the family Clostridiaceae, a Syntrophomonas-like organism was identified that is known to live in a syntrophic relationship to methanogenic archaea. Within the methanogenic group, microorganisms affiliated to Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus and Methanobacterium dominated the community.     

磁性膨润土的制备及类Fenton氧化法处理焦化废水

以Al-Fe柱撑膨润土为原料,通过原位氧化沉淀法负载纳米Fe₃O₄颗粒,制备磁性膨润土。采用XRD,SEM,EDS技术对磁性膨润土进行了表征,并将其作为类Fenton反应催化剂对焦化厂二沉池出水（COD为267.6 mg/L、色度为428度）进行了深度处理,探讨了各反应条件对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：Fe₃O₄颗粒较为均匀地分布在膨润土表面,负载牢固;在H₂O₂加入量70 mmol/L、磁性膨润土加入量0.8 g/L、反应温度30 ℃、初始废水pH 5.0的条件下反应30 h,废水COD和色度的去除率分别达到78.5%和93.4%,COD和色度分别降至57.5 mg/L和28度,满足GB/T 19923—2005《城市污水再生利用 工业用水水质》的要求;磁性膨润土使用4次后,对废水的处理效果仍很稳定。     

活性炭脱除烟气中SO2的研究进展

活性炭是一种高效吸附剂,在烟气脱硫领域有广阔的应用前景。在分析国内外试验结果的基础上,综述了活性炭孔隙结构及表面化学性质对其脱硫性能的影响,阐述了活性炭脱硫的反应机理,指出了未来研究方向。     

三效催化转化器催化剂硫中毒机理

在一种详细的表面反应机理中加入了包含贵金属催化剂与助催化剂的硫中毒基元反应,建立了新的三效催化转化器催化反应机理。利用该机理进行了稳态工况数值模拟,得到了各排气污染物起燃温度与转化效率随尾气中SO2浓度的变化情况。采用灰色关联分析了SO2浓度与各排气组分转化效率的关联度,结果表明,SO2浓度对C3H6与NOx转化效率影响最大。对三效催化转化器的催化剂活性设计具有重要的参考价值,并对其工况设计及优化提供了指导。     

活性炭/铁氧化物复合材料催化降解水中的苯酚

为了获得优良催化性能和分离性的复合材料,通过采用化学共沉淀法,把活性炭和铁氧化物进行复合,制备得到活性炭/铁氧化物复合材料。利用非均相Fenton反应处理模拟苯酚废水,考察了不同因素对苯酚去除率的影响。结果表明,在100 mL 100 mg/L的苯酚模拟废水中,复合材料m=0.1 g,温度为35℃,H2O2投加量为3 mL,pH=3,苯酚的去除率达到99%以上。制备得到的活性炭/铁氧化物复合材料具有磁性,能通过简单的磁分离技术就能快速从溶液中分离出来。通过对复合吸附材料降解稳定性的研究,发现经过5次循环使用后,苯酚去除率均在93%以上,表明其具有良好的循环使用性能。     

Cu~(2+)助芬顿法处理高浓度邻苯二甲酸二甲酯废水

Cu2+可以与H2O2发生类Fenton反应,用Fenton法处理同时含有难降解有机物和Cu2+的工业废水时,Cu2+对于Fenton氧化难降解有机物的反应具有促进作用。本实验在高浓度邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和Cu2+组成的模拟工业废水中投加Fenton试剂(Fe2++H2O2),利用Cu2+辅助Fe2+催化Fenton反应氧化难降解有机物。通过正交实验,优选反应条件,并进行单因素实验,分析不同Cu2+浓度、初始H2O2浓度、H2O2∶Fe2+(摩尔比)、pH及温度对DMP去除率的影响,以确定最佳的反应条件,并对反应机理进行了初步探讨。当Cu2+浓度为10 mg/L、DMP浓度为250 mg/L、初始H2O2的浓度为499.5 mg/L、H2O2∶Fe2+的摩尔比为4∶1、温度为20℃时,DMP的去除率最高可达到98.67%。本研究为类芬顿法处理难降解有机物和重金属离子共存的复杂工业废水奠定了基础。     

Detection of Escherichia coli in a cattle manure composting process by selective cultivation and colony polymerase chain reaction

Livestock manure is suitable for use as a composting material. However, various intestinal microbes, such as Escherichia coli, are significant components of such manures. Thus, it is desirable that the level of intestinal microbes, and particularly opportunistic pathogens, in compost is inspected and counted regularly. The sensitivity and specificity of detection of E. coli in compost have been improved by selective cultivation followed by colony polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the ECO primer. Indeed, the sensitivity of this method is higher than that of DNA extraction from compost and PCR. In this study, changes in numbers of E. coli present in a field-scale composting process over time was assessed using selective cultivation and colony PCR. Numbers of ECO-positive colonies after 24 h decreased, with a concomitant rise in compost temperature. ECO-positive colonies were not detected from 33 to 48 h. However, ECO-positive colony numbers increased beginning on day 4 and continuing until day 42. Thus, it seems likely that the high temperatures reached during the composting process did not affect E. coli numbers in the final compost. Additionally, selective cultivation followed by colony PCR using specific primers is an appropriate method of determining levels of cultivable pathogens in composted materials.