危险化学品储运企业“三无”管理模式的构建与实践

通过构建"无违章、无违纪、无未遂事故"的"三无"管理模式,提高班组自主管理和员工遵章守纪的自觉性,使危险化学品储运企业以安全为核心的各项管理水平有了显著提升。     

国内石油储运业现状及安全建议

分析了国内石油储运业的现状与发展趋势,提出几点建议。     

湿热环境下某引信储存寿命评估

简述了进行某引信湿热环境储存可靠性试验的试验场地、试验样本量的确定方法以及试验结果,分析探讨了引信在湿热环境中的储存可靠性试验数据的处理方法,依据该引信储存可靠性试验结果,得出了某引信在湿热环境中储存4a后储存可靠性不低于0.90的结论.     

基于概率物理模型的贮存可靠性评估方法

针对小样本高截尾试验信息贮存可靠性评估问题,提出了基于概率物理模型的贮存可靠性评估方法.通过对概率物理模型与传统指数模型的贮存可靠性评估方法进行对比分析,分别利用2种评估方法进行模型参数拟合、无失效数据可靠性评估和系统可靠性评估,发现无论是从拟合精度,还是小样本数据评估方面,概率物理模型评估方法都更符合工程实际.该模型...     

大型原油储罐设计中主要安全问题及对策

大型原油储罐储量很大,潜在危险性高,一旦发生事故,损失将十分惨重。为此,在分析了大型原油储罐工程危险性的基础上,重点论述了大型原油储罐设计中的主要安全问题及其对策,包括储罐地基和基础、浮顶储罐密封装置、信号报警联锁系统、排水设计、防腐蚀措施等,特别针对大型原油储罐的特点,详细讨论了浮盘沉底事故原因并介绍了预防浮盘沉底的设计要求,为工程设计提供了有价值的参考依据。     

Frequency and timing of extrapair fertilisation in the polyandrous red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius)

In sequentially polyandrous bird species, where females mate with different males in succession during a single breeding season, sperm stored by females can occasionally lead to extrapair fertilisations (EPFs) in clutches cared for by the second and subsequent males. Thus, we predicted that in red phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius) – a sex-role-reversed, sequentially polyandrous, arctic breeding shorebird – EPFs would occur more frequently in clutches laid later in the breeding season. We used multilocus DNA profiling to examine the frequency and timing of EPFs in a population of red phalaropes breeding in the Canadian high arctic. Using a technique to determine parentage without maternal DNA, we inferred that 6 of 70 chicks in 18 broods resulted from EPFs – one extrapair chick in each of 6 broods. These results were supported by a further analysis using microsatellite DNA. As predicted, broods containing EPFs hatched from clutches laid significantly later in the season than did broods containing no EPFs. The difference in median hatch dates between broods with and without EPFs was 9.0 days, or 38% of the entire egg-laying period in that season. For the whole breeding season, we estimated that 6.5% of chicks were sired by extrapair males, which is similar to extrapair paternity estimates for other sex-role-reversed birds, but relatively low compared to the majority of socially monogamous species studied so far. Received: 24 August 1998 / Received in revised form: 18 January 1999 / Accepted: 24 January 1999     

基于质量流率离散方法的液氨储罐泄漏扩散模型的研究

针对高斯模型中忽略物质质量流率的变化导致模拟结果与实际存在偏差的问题,将物质质量流率根据泄漏持续时间进行离散化处理,获得不同时间段的物质泄漏量,以此对高斯烟团叠加模型进行修正,得到若干烟团不同时刻的浓度分布模型,并以液氨储罐泄漏事故为研究对象,获得较恒速泄漏条件具有明显差异的有毒云团危害区域。针对其后果偏差产生的原因——罐内初始压力Pn及储罐的充装水平α进行研究,分别比较在不同的Pn及α取值情况下泄漏后果的变化及差异。研究表明,增大Pn或减小α能够有效减小液氨泄漏的危害距离,并且会减小恒速泄漏条件分析后果的偏差,对液氨等罐区的管理提供依据。     

三峡库区主要森林植被类型土壤有机碳贮量研究

根据全国森林资源清查资料,按主要优势树种和分布面积将三峡库区主要森林植被划分为马尾松针叶林、栎类混交林、灌木林等11种主要森林植被类型。基于196个土壤剖面数据,分析了11种主要森林植被类型下土壤有机碳含量、碳密度大小和分配特征。研究发现,三峡库区主要森林植被类型下土壤有机碳含量和碳密度均存在较大差异,二者总体上都随土层加深而降低。11种主要森林植被类型中以杉木针叶林土壤有机碳密度最大,达16.0 kg/m2,温性松林下土壤碳密度最小,仅为7.9 kg/m2。不同植被类型下土壤有机碳贮量在土层中的分配比例也不同,以灌木林和柏木林土壤碳贮量在土层间的差异最大。11种主要森林植被类型土壤平均厚度为56.3～98.5 cm,其中杉木针叶林土壤最厚,达98.5 cm,灌丛土壤最薄,平均厚度仅56.3 cm。三峡库区11种主要森林植被类型总面积为3 313 251 hm2,土壤总有机碳贮量为 366.36 t,其中0～10、10～20、20～40和＞40 cm土层分别占22.90%、18.36%、28.33%和30.41%。     

Improved models of failure time for atmospheric tanks under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires

Fire accidents of chemical installations may cause domino effects in atmospheric tank farms, where a large amount of hazardous substances are stored or processed. Pool fire is a major form of fire accidents, and the thermal radiation from pool fire is the primary hazard of domino accidents. The coupling of multiple pool fires is a realistic and important accident phenomenon that enhances the propagation of domino accidents. However, previous research has mostly focused on the escalation of domino accidents induced by a single pool fire. To overcome the drawback, in this study, the failure of a storage tank under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires was studied in view of spatial and temporal synergistic process. The historical accident statistics indicated that the accident scenario of two-pool fires accounted for 30.6% in pool fires. The domino accident scenario involving three tanks is analyzed, and the typical layout of tanks is isosceles right triangle based on Chinese standard “GB50341-2014”. The thermal response and damage of a target tank heated by pool fires were numerically investigated. The volume of 500 m³, 3000 m³, 5000 m³ and 10000 m³ were selected. Flame temperature was obtained by FDS, and then was input onto the finite element model. The temperature field and stress field of target tanks were simulated by ABAQUS. The results showed that the temperature rise rate of the target tanks under multiple pool fires was higher than that under a single pool fire. The failure time of the tank under the coupling effect of multiple fires was lower than that under the superposition of multiple fires without the first stage. The stress and yield strength were compared to judge the failure of the target tank. The model of failure time for the tank under the coupling effect of pool fires was established. Through the verification, the deviation of this model is 4.02%, which is better than the deviation of 15.76% with Cozzani's model.     

二氧化碳捕集利用与封存项目纳入碳市场的现状、挑战与对策

二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存（CCUS）被认为是燃煤和燃气电厂以及钢铁、水泥和石化等行业实现碳中和的重要技术选项,而碳市场则是重要的市场化减排机制,提高两者的衔接水平,对于我国“双碳”目标的实现具有重要意义。通过总结国际上CCUS项目与碳市场衔接的成功经验,可以为我国CCUS项目与碳市场衔接提供相关借鉴。本文系统梳理了国内外CCUS项目纳入碳市场的立法、激励政策、CCUS减排核算方法学研究情况,识别出我国在CCUS项目与碳市场衔接方面尚存在法律支撑不足、缺乏激励政策以及CCUS项目碳减排核算方法不准确等一系列问题,最后提出多项建议以推动我国CCUS项目与碳市场的衔接：①完善碳市场监管和法律体系,促进CCUS与碳市场衔接;②研判CCUS优先领域,分阶段促进不同行业CCUS项目纳入碳交易市场;③强化政策激励,打通CCUS与碳市场衔接的投融资与成本疏导路径;④分阶段完善碳交易市场建设,充分发挥碳市场金融属性促进CCUS与碳交易市场衔接;⑤建立完善的监测、报告和核查（MRV）标准体系和证书制度,保证CCUS项目减排量核证的准确性和规范性。