Fuzzy optimization of multi-period carbon capture and storage systems with parametric uncertainties

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important technology option for reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions. In practice, CO₂ sources are easy to characterize, while the estimation of relevant properties of storage sites, such as capacity and injection rate limit (i.e., injectivity), is subject to considerable uncertainty. Such uncertainties need to be accounted for in planning CCS deployment on a large scale for effective use of available storage sites. In particular, the uncertainty introduces technical risks that may result from overestimating the limits of given storage sites. In this work, a fuzzy mixed integer linear program (FMILP) is developed for multi-period CCS systems, accounting for the technical risk arising from uncertainties in estimates of sink parameters, while still attaining satisfactory CO₂ emissions reduction. In the model, sources are assumed to have precisely known CO₂ flow rates and operating lives, while geological sinks are characterized with imprecise fuzzy capacity and injectivity data. Three case studies are then presented to illustrate the model. Results of these examples illustrate the tradeoff inherent in planning CCS systems under parametric uncertainty.     

基于潜在生命损失的危险化学品仓储区规划选址和安全布局方法研究

在现有基于风险的土地使用安全规划方法的基础上,通过引入潜在生命损失这一综合风险评价指标,建立了基于移动危险源潜在生命损失的危险化学品仓储区规划选址模型和基于固定危险源潜在生命损失的仓储区安全布局优化模型。在此基础上,提出了危险化学品仓储区规划选址和安全布局优化方法,并通过案例分析验证了该方法的适用性和可行性。采用该规划选址和安全布局优化方法可提高区域土地使用安全规划的效率,为进行城市重大危险源的规划选址和安全布局提供了新的思路。     

Directions for hazardous waste storage and final disposal of treated hazardous waste (THW) in Austria

Austria produces about 700,000 tons of hazardous waste a year. Approximately 8% are sent to the incinerating facility EBS near Vienna. Approximately 60% THW (treated hazardous wastes) are finally disposed of. An unknown amount is sent to foreign countries for storage and landfilling.

By order of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Public Health our institute elaborates guidelines for designing and operating final disposal hazardous waste facilities.

This paper deals with the fundamental aspects and the present state of these guidelines.     

Carbon sequestration of black locust forests in the Yellow River Delta region,China

The Yellow River Delta region in China is a land area of 1,200,000 ha with rich natural resources. Adverse environmental conditions, such as low rainfall and high salinity, promote the dominance of black locust trees for afforestation. With the increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere, this forest and others throughout the world have become valued for their ability to sequester and store carbon. Forests store carbon in aboveground biomass (i.e. trees), belowground biomass (i.e. roots), soils and standing litter crop (i.e. forest floor and coarse woody debris). There are well-developed methods to sample forest ecosystems, including tree inventories that are used to quantify carbon in aboveground tree biomass. Such inventories are used to estimate the types of roundwood products removed from the forest during harvesting. Based on standard plot inventories and stem analyses, carbon sequestration estimates of trees were 222.41 t ha^?1 for the Yellow River Delta region accounted for 67.12% of the whole forest. Similarly, carbon storage by herbaceous matter and soil was 0.50 and 50.34 t ha^?1, respectively. The results suggest that carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystem was performed by most of the forest, which plays an increasingly important role in sequestering carbon as the stand grows.     

福建省建瓯市毛竹林生态系统固碳状态研究

毛竹林是碳汇的重要陆地生态系统类型,研究毛竹林系统的碳库及潜力是评价其固碳增汇的重要基础。以福建省建瓯市为研究对象,通过典型样点采样调查,对建瓯市的毛竹林生态系统碳储状态进行了分析。结果表明：建瓯市毛竹林单株平均碳量为11.5 kg C,竹秆约占60%;单位面积的土壤碳储量平均为C 90.6 t.hm-2（0~60 cm）;毛竹林生态系统单位面积的总碳量平均为C 150 t·hm-2;由此可以推算,建瓯市的毛竹林总碳储量为12.9 Tg C;如果以此为基础,则可以估算,目前全国竹林生态系统碳储量为870 Tg C。     

冷藏技术对发光细菌活性及毒性测试性能的影响

由于发光细菌的在线毒性监测技术受到了细菌生物活性稳定性保持问题的制约,探索一种脱脂牛奶菌悬液冷藏复苏方法,以提高发光细菌活性的保持时间。比较了明亮发光杆菌新鲜菌液冷藏、冻干粉菌悬液冷藏和脱脂牛奶菌悬液冷藏对发光细菌生物活性的影响,同时,比较了不同渗透压调节液对菌悬液急性毒性测试的灵敏度和稳定性的影响。结果表明,质量分数为25%的脱脂牛奶可提高发光细菌生物活性的稳定性,菌悬液冷藏7d后复苏,相对发光率仍可达92%。2%NaCl和10%蔗糖为渗透压调节液时,冷藏至第7天的发光细菌脱脂牛奶菌悬液对重金属毒性测试的灵敏度,与新鲜菌液基本相同,但添加蔗糖降低了其对有机物的测试灵敏度。利用发光细菌脱脂牛奶冷藏菌悬液对Zn~(2+)进行连续7d的毒性测试,EC_(50)的变异系数小于15%,结果稳定性良好。     

基于土壤动态蓄水的森林水源涵养能力计量及其空间差异

水源涵养是森林提供的重要生态服务之一,而森林土壤对降水的拦蓄和调节起着主要作用。采用土壤动态蓄水能力法,以太湖流域安吉县森林资源二类调查和雨量站逐日降水量数据为基础,评估了森林的水源涵养能力,并将土壤水源涵养能力参数和降水数据进行空间栅格处理和相应的栅格运算,从而揭示了水源涵养的空间差异。结果表明:安吉县森林生态系统年涵养水源能力为19.66×10⁸ t,单位面积森林年涵养水源能力为14 788 t/hm²;从空间分布上看,森林水源涵养量沿西苕溪由上游向下游呈减少的趋势;从不同森林类型来看,竹林的水源涵养贡献率最大,达52.26%。     

昆明主城合流污水调蓄池截污效能模拟

为评估昆明市计划首批建设二环路内16座合流污水调蓄池(规模为21.3×104 m3)的环境效益,采用构建降雨径流管理模型(SWMM)模拟调蓄池的运行情况,对其截污效能进行分析. 结果表明,2008年的113场降雨中,调蓄池共截流污水量1 868.73×104 m3,COD_Cr、TN、TP污染负荷的截流量分别为5 195.28、810.76、68.78 t,污水截流量占合流污水溢流量的11.18%. 昆明主城调蓄池是在充分利用和衔接已建、在建的排水管网收集系统和污水处理设施的基础上设计的,调蓄池效能受既定配套条件、场地、降雨特征等的多重影响,建议加大调蓄池和污水处理厂的联动性,并采取集中调蓄截流为主、分散式面源治理为辅的策略,综合防治初期雨水径流污染和合流污水溢流污染.      

Effects of different mowing frequencies on soil carbon and nitrogen changes in leymus chinensis steppe of Hulun Buir北大核心CSCD

Mowing is the main management of Hulun Buir grasslands in Inner Mongolia; therefore, understanding the changes of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and carbon sequestration under different mowing frequencies will provide an important scientific basis for grassland carbon sink management in Inner Mongolia. Three treatment plots were devised in the study area, including enclosed sample (Y), mowing every other year (2G), and mowing once a year (1G), where SOC, TN content and storage were investigated. The results showed that with increased mowing frequency, the SOC and TN content showed a decreasing trend in the 0-30 cm depth soil layer. The SOC and TN content were different in each soil layer, which decreased gradually with increasing soil depth in Y and 2G plots, whereas increased gradually in 1G plots. The soil carbon storage was significantly correlated with the soil nitrogen storage, and both showed a significant linear decrease with increased mowing frequency, which showed as carbon and nitrogen loss. In 2G plots, the soil carbon storage decreased by 17.1% and soil nitrogen storage decreased by 20.8%. In 1G plots, the soil carbon storage decreased by 21.6% and soil nitrogen storage decreased by 29.3%. The results showed that the change of soil carbon and nitrogen was sensitive to mowing frequency for the Hulun Buir grassland. It is possible to reduce the loss of carbon and nitrogen by reasonably controlling mowing frequency, and the sustainable use of grassland could be achieved with appropriate fertilization. Keywords. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

水库泄洪闸下溪流深潭氮磷营养盐滞留特征及动力学模拟

为解析水库泄洪闸下溪流深潭氮磷营养盐滞留特征,选择NaBr为保守示踪剂,分别以NH₄Cl和KH₂PO₄为添加营养盐,在合肥板桥河源头溪流开展野外示踪实验,据此估算氨氮（NH₄⁺）、磷酸盐（PO₄^3-）营养螺旋指标,识别主流区和暂态存储区NH₄⁺、PO₄^3-滞留贡献水平,模拟深潭地貌的氮磷吸收动力学特征.结果表明,深潭具有较好的氮磷滞留潜力,且对PO₄^3-的滞留潜力超过NH₄⁺;暂态存储区对NH₄⁺的滞留贡献率平均为91.49%,表明NH₄⁺滞留主要发生在暂态存储区;主流区对PO₄^3-的滞留贡献率平均为96.09%,意味着主流区是PO₄^3-滞留的主要场所;Michaelis-Menten（M-M）方程可以较好的模拟深潭氮磷滞留动力学效应,模拟得到的最大吸收速率U_max-NH₄、U_max-PO₄均值分别为0.48、0.08 mg·m^-2·s^-1,半饱和常数K_m-NH₄、K_m-PO₄均值分别为0.26、0.19 mg·L^-1.