火灾中液化气储罐热响应CFD模拟的UDF程序设计

为了降低火灾环境下储罐内部介质热响应及储罐失效试验研究的成本和风险,更好地为储罐事故的预测预防提供模拟依据,利用Fluent 12.0软件对密闭容器内部介质的传热传质过程进行模拟,给出了内部介质在受热和冷却条件下相变的控制方程;通过考虑内部介质气化热随温度的变化及饱和温度与区域单元压力之间的关系,编写了内部介质在受热和冷却条件下质量和能量源项的用户自定义函数(UDF);通过对部分参数进行简化,分别给出了喷射火和池火条件下丙烷储罐热响应模拟的结果,并与试验结果进行了对比.结果表明:储罐热响应各主要参数(内部介质温度、壁面温度,储罐内部压力)的误差在喷射火条件下低于15％,在池火条件下低于12.4％.这表明模拟所需源项UDF正确,可以用于现实储罐热响应的模拟.     

对我国减灾战略的几点建议

本文从我国的灾害特点徊灾害防治中的困难的角度出发,参照灾害防治的经验教训,提出建立管理国家紧急事物的职能机构;设立防灾科研和教育基金;积极开展国际交流和协作;尽快成立灾害信息情报中心和进行必要的救灾物资储备。     

修建佛子岭抽水蓄能电站对水质影响的预测分析

修建佛子岭抽水蓄能电站对水质有一定的影响。在此利用数学模型对施工期及运行期的水质进行了预测，并分析得出水库水质能达到所属水功能区要求，只要控制水库上游面源污染及网箱养鱼，水库就不会发生包括富营养在内的污染问题。     

Sperm transfer and storage in relation to sperm competition in Callosobruchus maculatus

This paper examines the underlying mechanisms of sperm competition in the beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Recently developed mathematical models of sperm competition are combined with an empirical investigation of the processes of sperm transfer and storage. During a single insemination virgin males transfer approximately 46000 sperm, 85% more sperm than females can effectively store in their spermathecae. Many of these sperm remain in the bursa copulatrix where they are apparently rapidly degraded and can therefore play no role in fertilization. The spermatheca (primary site of sperm storage) is filled by a single insemination and sperm are lost from this organ at a constant rate. This rate of sperm loss from the spermatheca is insufficient for sperm mixing (without displacement) or sperm stratification to account for the degree of last male sperm precedence measured as P ₂; the proportion of offspring fathered by the second male to mate reported for this species (P ₂ = 0.83, when two inseminations are separated by 24 h). Models of sperm displacement correctly predict high levels of sperm precedence although the precision of these predictions is limited because the proportion of sperm entering the spermatheca cannot be accurately determined. The results suggested that last male sperm precedence in C. maculatus the result of sperm displacement, although the exact mechanism of displacement (sperm-for-sperm or fluid displacement) remains unknown. Possible constraints imposed by female genital anatomy on sperm displacement are discussed.     

A nanocomposite of CoFe2O4-carbon microspheres for electrochemical energy storage applications

A carbon/CoFe₂O₄ composite was synthesized by precipitation method. The morphology of the composite was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The electrocapacitive behaviors of the composite has been studies by cycle voltammogram and galvanic charge/discharge. The size of the nanoparticles carbon composite of CoFe₂O₄ was uniform and 209 nm. Due to a high percent of carbon, electrochemical measurements showed electrical double layer mechanism. Specifically, the carbon/cobalt ferrite electrode exhibited high specific capacitance of 102.5 F g^?1 at a current density of 0.16 A g^?1, and high rate capability with 30% retention of capacitance even up to 20 A g^?1, and excellent cycling stability with 81.5% retention of the initial capacitance after 6000 charge/discharge cycles, supporting that the carbon cobalt ferrite composite electrode could be a potential candidate for supercapacitor application.     

A methodology for enhancing the reliability of expert system applications in probabilistic risk assessment

In highly complex industries, capturing and employing expert systems is significantly important to an organization's success considering the advantages of knowledge-based systems. The two most important issues within the expert system applications in risk and reliability analysis are the acquisition of domain experts' professional knowledge and the reasoning and representation of the knowledge that might be expressed. The first issue can be correctly handled by employing a heterogeneous group of experts during the expert knowledge acquisition processes. The members of an expert panel regularly represent different experiences and knowledge. Subsequently, this diversity produces various sorts of information which may be known or unknown, accurate or inaccurate, and complete or incomplete based on its cross-functional and multidisciplinary nature. The second issue, as a promising tool for knowledge reasoning, still suffers from lack of deficiencies such as weight and certainty factor, and are insufficient to accurately represent complex rule-based expert systems. The outputs in current expert system applications in probabilistic risk assessment could not accurately represent the increasingly complex knowledge-based systems. The reason is the lack of certainty and self-assurance of experts when they are expressing their opinions. In this paper, a novel methodology is presented based on the concept of Z-numbers to overcome this issue. A case study in a high-tech process industry is provided in detail to demonstrate the application and feasibility of the proposed methodology.     

Do lower electricity storage costs reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

In the electricity sector, innovation in large-scale storage is anticipated to reduce costs and improve performance. The effect on greenhouse gas emissions of lower storage costs depends on the interactions between storage and the entire grid. The literature has disagreed on the role of storage in reducing emissions. In this paper we present a stylized model, which suggests that the effect of storage costs on emissions depends on the supply responsiveness of both fossil and renewable generators. Under common conditions in the United States, lower storage costs are more likely to reduce emissions when wind investment responds to equilibrium electricity prices and when solar investment does not. Simulations of a computational model of grid investment and operation confirm these intuitions. Moreover, because of its effect on coal and natural gas–fired supply responsiveness, introducing a carbon dioxide emissions price may increase the likelihood that lower storage costs reduce emissions.     

原油储运过程中的污染控制

对石油储运过程中产生污染的原因进行了分析,提出了污染的控制方法.     

Impact of Carbon Storage Through Restoration of Drylands on the Global Carbon Cycle

   Using estimates of land suitable for restoration in woodlands, grasslands, and deserts, as well as estimates of the rate at which restoration can proceed, we estimate that carbon storage in these biomes can range up to 0.8 billion tons of carbon per year (Gt C/yr), for a combination of land management strategies. This corresponds to a reduction in atmospheric buildup of 0.5 Gt C/yr, which represents up to 15% of the average annual atmospheric carbon buildup in the next century, 3.5 Gt C/yr, assuming the IPCC 92d scenario. A global strategy for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration will require the implementation of multiple options. The advantage of carbon storage in restored drylands is that it comes as a side benefit to programs that are also justifiable in terms of land management.     

金沙江头塘小流域人工林有机碳及其剖面分布特征

采用野外调查、室内分析并结合相关的方法,研究探讨了金沙江头塘小流域7种不同植被恢复人工林土壤剖面层次有机碳(SOC)含量、有机碳密度(SOCD)和有机碳储量及分布特征。结果表明,不同林分类型及土层间土壤SOC含量存在明显差异:就整个土层(0~100 cm)而言,7种林分土壤SOC平均含量介于6.46±1.67~24.95±2.32 g·kg–1,大小依次为柳杉林旱冬瓜林圆柏林栓皮栎林圣诞树林墨西哥林藏柏林,且差异显著(p0.05);7种林分土壤SOC含量均出现表聚现象,从表层到深层都呈现递减趋势,且具有一定的规律性;7种林分土壤容重总体上均表现为随土层深度的增加逐渐增加,土壤容重表现为:柳杉林栓皮栎林圣诞树林圆柏林旱冬瓜林墨西哥柏林、藏柏林;7种林分土壤有机碳密度垂直分布和土壤有机碳含量垂直分布特征一致,随土层深度增加土壤有机碳密度减少,以表土10 cm的土壤有机碳密度最大;有机碳储量均随着土层加深所占比例逐渐降低,同时土壤有机碳主要集中于土层0~40 cm内,分别占总有机碳的65.60%(圣诞树林)、63.16%(旱冬瓜林)、54.41%(墨西哥柏林)、58.56%(圆柏林)、62.96%(藏柏林)、61.70%(栓皮栎林)和56.37%(柳杉林),0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳占总有机碳的百分比均达到50%以上。