A nanocomposite of CoFe2O4-carbon microspheres for electrochemical energy storage applications

A carbon/CoFe₂O₄ composite was synthesized by precipitation method. The morphology of the composite was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The electrocapacitive behaviors of the composite has been studies by cycle voltammogram and galvanic charge/discharge. The size of the nanoparticles carbon composite of CoFe₂O₄ was uniform and 209 nm. Due to a high percent of carbon, electrochemical measurements showed electrical double layer mechanism. Specifically, the carbon/cobalt ferrite electrode exhibited high specific capacitance of 102.5 F g^?1 at a current density of 0.16 A g^?1, and high rate capability with 30% retention of capacitance even up to 20 A g^?1, and excellent cycling stability with 81.5% retention of the initial capacitance after 6000 charge/discharge cycles, supporting that the carbon cobalt ferrite composite electrode could be a potential candidate for supercapacitor application.     

退耕还林还草工程对生态系统碳储存服务的影响——以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区子长县为例

陆地生态系统碳储量是表征生态系统碳储存服务的重要指标,与土地利用变化之间存在着密切的关系。退耕还林还草工程使区域土地利用格局发生巨大变化,并对生态系统碳储存服务造成了较大的影响。为了能简单快速的评估退耕还林还草工程对陆地生态系统碳储存服务所带来的影响,以位于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的子长县为例,运用InVEST模型评估了退耕还林还草工程对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响,进一步耦合InVEST模型和FLUS模型,并设置四种不同的退耕还林还草实施情景,预测子长县2037年陆地生态系统碳储量变化和碳汇产生的经济价值。研究发现：（1）子长县退耕还林还草工程实施效果显著,17年间共有31627.98 hm²耕地退耕为林地和草地,境内的林草覆盖率由2000年的53.26%增长至2017年的64.20%;（2）退耕还林还草工程的实施显著提升了子长县陆地生态系统碳储存服务,碳储量由2000年的39.19×10⁶ t增长至2017年42.34×10⁶ t,增加量集中在工程实施主要阶段（2000—2008年）;（3）未来子长县若继续实施退耕还林还草工程,其生态系统碳储存服务会得到进一步提升,且会获得一定的碳汇经济价值。预计到2037年子长县在退耕还林还草工程实施A、B、C、D四种情景下的陆地生态系统碳储量将分别达到：43.78×10⁶ t、44.10×10⁶ t、44.32×10⁶ t和44.54×10⁶ t,并将由此获得碳汇经济价值净收益分别为1627.88万美元、1979.89万美元、2231.39万美元和2471.67万美元。耦合InVEST-FLUS模型,不但能利用InVEST模型简单快速的对陆地生态系统碳储量进行评估,而且还能基于FLUS模型对未来土地利用变化情景下的陆地生态系统碳储量和碳汇经济价值做出测算。     

CANON生物膜载体储存及活性恢复研究

采用不同活性恢复手段研究了短期低温（20d,15℃）储存及常温（25℃）低负荷运行后,CANON-MBBR反应器的活性恢复效果.结果显示,CANON悬浮载体经短期低温储存后,通过先恢复温度后缓慢提高进水负荷的方式可使其TN去除负荷恢复率达到102%.若在温度未恢复的基础上直接将进水负荷提升至原水平运行,CANON悬浮载体生物膜将无法维持正常的EPS含量而易发生脱膜现象,致使TN去除负荷恢复率仅为84%.另外,系统有一定基质浓度的基础上,经过25d常温（25℃）低负荷SBR运行后,通过同样的恢复手段可使TN去除负荷恢复率达到96%.通过微生物菌群分析,确定CANON-MBBR系统中功能微生物优势菌属分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia,采取合适的恢复手段使系统进入稳定运行阶段后,两者丰度均可分别达到11%以上及27%以上,且悬浮载体脱膜并未对微生物组成造成明显影响.     

A methodology for enhancing the reliability of expert system applications in probabilistic risk assessment

In highly complex industries, capturing and employing expert systems is significantly important to an organization's success considering the advantages of knowledge-based systems. The two most important issues within the expert system applications in risk and reliability analysis are the acquisition of domain experts' professional knowledge and the reasoning and representation of the knowledge that might be expressed. The first issue can be correctly handled by employing a heterogeneous group of experts during the expert knowledge acquisition processes. The members of an expert panel regularly represent different experiences and knowledge. Subsequently, this diversity produces various sorts of information which may be known or unknown, accurate or inaccurate, and complete or incomplete based on its cross-functional and multidisciplinary nature. The second issue, as a promising tool for knowledge reasoning, still suffers from lack of deficiencies such as weight and certainty factor, and are insufficient to accurately represent complex rule-based expert systems. The outputs in current expert system applications in probabilistic risk assessment could not accurately represent the increasingly complex knowledge-based systems. The reason is the lack of certainty and self-assurance of experts when they are expressing their opinions. In this paper, a novel methodology is presented based on the concept of Z-numbers to overcome this issue. A case study in a high-tech process industry is provided in detail to demonstrate the application and feasibility of the proposed methodology.     

基于高斯模型的液氨储罐泄漏扩散仿真分析

为研究氨气泄漏的扩散距离与风速的关系,有效控制和降低事故的后果,以渭南某化工企业液氨储罐为研究对象,对液氨储罐泄漏的扩散规律进行数值仿真分析。首先运用MATLAB仿真模拟软件,采用高斯羽流模型,研究液氨储罐的泄漏扩散的影响因素,确定液氨扩散中毒危险区域。然后运用SPSS软件,采用曲线估计的方法,拟合泄漏扩散造成的下风向以及横风向距离与风速的关系。研究结果表明:液氨储罐泄漏达到连续稳定状态时,同一储罐泄露速率与泄漏孔径相关,孔径越小泄露速率越小,导致危险区域面积越小;大气稳定度越差时,所造成的危险区域面积更大;空气流动速度增加导致大气趋向稳定,能有效减小泄漏源造成的危险区域面积;获得了液氨储罐在白天(夜间)泄漏孔径为50 mm(25 mm)时,任何风速下人员中毒轻伤、重伤以及死亡的范围。     

InVEST模型对锡林郭勒草原碳储量研究的适用性分析

锡林郭勒草原是我国四大草原之一,也是内蒙古主要的天然草场。近年来,在各种因素影响下,锡林郭勒草原区生态系统发生重大变化,导致草原区碳储量也发生改变。本文尝试应用In VEST模型中的碳储量模块对2013年锡林郭勒草原碳储量进行研究,从而探究In VEST模型在碳储量研究中的适用性。结果表明:(1)锡林郭勒草原各草地类型的地下碳储量明显多于地上碳储量;(2)草甸草原碳储量典型草原碳储量荒漠草原碳储量;(3)应用In VEST模型计算不同草地类型地上和地下碳储量,草甸草原分别为196.7 g?m~(-2)和1385.2 g?m~(~(-2));典型草原的分别为133.4 g?m~(-2)和688.9 g?m~(-2);荒漠草原的分别为56.6 g?m~(-2)和301 g?m~(-2)。应用In VEST模型计算出来的碳储量值与前人采用实地采样得出的结果基本一致,所以In VEST模型对于草原区碳储量的研究具有一定的适用性。     

某型橡胶密封圈加速贮存试验设计与实践

目的针对某型橡胶密封圈开展加速贮存试验设计,并通过试验预测产品贮存寿命。方法通过分析橡胶密封圈在贮存使用环境下的失效机理,结合橡胶材料性能老化模型,在不改变失效机理、又不增加新的失效机理的前提下,以密封圈整件作为试验对象,用加大温度应力的试验方法加速产品失效过程,根据试验结果预计正常环境应力下的产品贮存寿命。结果采用温度应力作为加速贮存应力开展密封圈加速贮存试验方案设计和验证工作,评估得到其在贮存温度为20℃的环境中,贮存寿命可以达到16.97年,置信度大于0.95。结论以密封圈整件作为试验件,采用温度应力作为贮存敏感应力开展加速贮存试验,所评估得到的贮存寿命与产品已有的自然贮存寿命结果吻合得较好,试验状态更加真实,为橡胶密封圈更换周期提供参考依据,并为密封圈贮存寿命的定量评估提供了一种参考方法。     

甲硫醇在苏玛罐及气袋中稳定性研究

以硅烷化苏玛罐和Tedlar气袋为保存容器,干燥空气为本底,利用低温冷阱浓缩-气相色谱/质谱联用法检测,研究甲硫醇气体样品在不同容器、温度和浓度等条件下的浓度变化趋势.结果表明,甲硫醇样品使用Tedlar气袋采样并在4℃环境下保存时具有相对较好的稳定性,对于浓度在约3 ppb至20 ppb的样品其保存有效期可达96 h;当有一定量的二甲二硫共存时,可延长甲硫醇的保存期限,以保证结果的有效性与准确性.     

Experimental investigation of the complex deflagration phenomena of hybrid mixtures of activated carbon dust/hydrogen/air

This paper aims to develop quantitative insights based on measured deflagration parameters of hybrid mixtures of activated carbon (AC) dust and hydrogen (H₂) gas in air. The generated experimental evidence is used to reject the claim of the null hypothesis (H₀) that severity of deflagrations of H₂/air mixtures always bound the severity of deflagrations of heterogenous combustible mixtures of AC dust/H₂/air containing the same H₂ concentrations as in the H₂/air binaries. The core insights of this investigation show that the maximum deflagration pressure rise (ΔP_MAX) and maximum rate of pressure rise ((dP/dt)_MAX) of this hybrid mixture are greater than those corresponding to deflagrations of H₂/air mixtures for all the dust and H₂ concentrations being examined. The deflagration severity indices (K_St and ES) of the hybrid mixture containing 29 mol% H₂ are found to be greater than those of the H₂/air mixture containing 29 mol% H₂. Also, the minimum explosible concentration (MEC) of the hybrid mixture is lower than that of the AC dust in air only. The insights gained should lead to better realization of the severity of a postulated safety-significant accident scenario associated with on-board cryoadsorption H₂ storage systems for fuel-cell (FC) powered light-duty vehicles. The identified insights could also be relevant to other industrial processes where combustible dusts are generated in the vicinity of solvent vapors. Moreover, these insights should be useful for supporting quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of on-board H₂ storage systems, designing improved safety measures for cryoadsorption H₂ storage tanks, and guiding H₂ safety standards and transportation regulations.     

漫湾电站库区降雨侵蚀力时空变化

漫湾水电站是澜沧江水能梯级开发的第一个干流大型水电站，加强库区水土流失治理与监督监测尤为必要，而降雨侵蚀力的时空分布规律研究则是实现区域土壤侵蚀定量监测预报的重要基础。根据有关降雨侵蚀力的计算方法，利用漫湾电站库区4个测站1980～2000年的逐月平均降雨资料，估算了其降雨侵蚀力R值的时空分布规律及其变化特征。结果表明：漫湾电站库区多年平均降雨侵蚀力在1 9336～3 9727 MJ·mm/hm2·h；R值的年内变化显著，且较大值集中分布在雨季的5月～10月，平均R值占全年的867%，尤其6～8月连续3个月的降雨侵蚀力平均占全年侵蚀力的一半以上；R值的年际变化显示20世纪90年代漫湾电站库区降雨侵蚀力比80年代平均增加2835 MJ·mm/hm2·h；R值的空间分布上以凤庆站点的年降雨侵蚀力最大；南涧站点的年降雨侵蚀力最小，但是其年际波动幅度较大。全面地分析了漫湾电站库区降雨侵蚀力R值的时空变化特征，为该地区有效防止与监测水土流失情况、更好地安置水电站工程移民提供参考。