Long-term changes in microbial water quality indicators in a hydro-power plant reservoir: The role of natural factors and socio-economic changes

Long-term changes, from 1984 to 2010, in the indicators of microbial pollution (total viable count, coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens) are analysed in the Riga Hydropower Plant Reservoir, an essential source of drinking water for Riga, the capital of Latvia. Counts in microbial indicators fluctuated seasonally and were related to physicochemical parameters (nitrogen compounds, turbidity, temperature, and pH). The changes in microbial pollution were brought about by two major socio-economic developments. Firstly, Latvia’s independence from the USSR in 1991 which facilitated a distinct reduction in most microorganism counts due to a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. This resulted in a significant drop in point and nonpoint pollution in the river basin. A further development was Latvia joining the European Union in 2004. The corresponding focus on water management, including wastewater treatment, was a major priority of environmental investment and lead to improvements in microbial water quality.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01470-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

基于藻细胞形态和光合特征的水源地藻类种群时空分布机制及预警防控

为明晰藻细胞最基本属性细胞形态在藻种时空分布与竞争演替中扮演的角色,选择来自蓝藻、绿藻等藻门的45个具有不同细胞形态特征的常见藻种,通过实验室分析藻细胞形态特征参数与光合特征间相关关系,并基于于桥水库藻类种群监测数据探究藻类形态时空分布的驱动因素。研究发现,反映藻细胞光合作用过程中捕光潜力的细胞投影面积 (CPA) 是影响藻种光合特性的关键形态学参数;通过构建CPA与光系统II中调节性能量耗散量子产量 (Y(NPQ))、光响应曲线初始斜率 (α) 、最大电子传递速率 (ETRmax) 等光合参数建的关系模型,发现CPA与Y(NPQ)呈现强正相关关系 (R² = 0.31±0.01,p < 0.001) ,Y(NPQ)是影响藻类种群时空分布的关键参数。于桥水库中藻类种群的综合Y(NPQ)具有显著季节性,由春季到夏季逐渐降低,夏季藻类综合Y(NPQ)最低 (0.057±0.075) ,秋冬季呈现增加趋势,冬季藻类综合Y(NPQ)最高 (0.072±0.062) 。此外,藻类种群综合Y(NPQ)随水深增加呈降低趋势,Y(NPQ)是影响藻类形态空间分布的重要因素。基于于桥水库数据制定了以水体Y(NPQ)为核心的有害藻类预警防控体系,以期为实现针对水源地不同形态有害藻类的预警提供参考。     

Monte Carlo analysis of field water flow comparing uni- and bimodal effective hydraulic parameters for structured soil

Soil structure critically affects the hydrological behaviour of soils. In this paper, we examined the impact of areal heterogeneity of hydraulic properties of a structured soil on soil ensemble behaviour for various soil water flow processes with different top boundary conditions (redistribution and drainage plus evaporation and infiltration). Using a numerical solution of the Richards' equation in a stochastic framework, the ensemble characteristics and flow dynamics were studied for drying and wetting processes observed during a time interval of ten days when a series of relatively intense rainfall events occurred. The effects of using unimodal and bimodal interpretative models of hydraulic properties on the ensemble hydrological behaviour of the soil were illustrated by comparing predictions to mean water contents measured over time in several sites at field scale. Although the differences between unimodal and bimodal fitting are not significant in terms of goodness of fit, the differences in process predictions are considerable with the bimodal soil simulating water content measurements much better than unimodal soil. We also investigated the relative contribution of the soil variability of each parameter on the variance of the water contents obtained as the main output of the stochastic simulations. The variability of the structural parameter, weighting the two pore space fractions in the bimodal interpretative model, has the largest contribution to water content variance. The contribution of each parameter depends only partly on the coefficient of variation, much more on the sensitivity of the model to the parameters and on the flow process being observed. We observed that the contribution of the retention parameters to uncertainty increases during drainage processes; the opposite occurs with the hydraulic conductivity parameters.     

喷播基质中土壤菌施用对紫穗槐幼苗光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了揭示喷播基质中土壤菌对植物的影响机制、筛选出优势土壤菌配置模式,以适应性极强的紫穗槐（Amorpha fruticosa）为试验材料,将筛选鉴定的3种土壤菌--细菌苏云金杆菌（nl11,专利号nl-11）、真菌卵形孢球托霉（nl15,专利号nl-15）和放线菌嗜热一氧化碳链霉菌（nl1,专利号nl-1）,配制成无菌（CK）、单菌（nl11、nl15、nl1）、两种菌混合（nl11+nl15、nl11+nl1、nl15+nl1）和3种菌混合（nl11+nl15+nl1）,共8种配置方式等比例混入基质中进行温室盆栽试验,分别观测其对紫穗槐幼苗的光合色素含量、光合特性以及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:与无菌苗相比,其他7种处理的紫穗槐幼苗w（Chlb）显著高于对照,除nl15+nl1和nl15+nl1+nl11外,其他处理的幼苗w（Chla）和w（Chl）均显著高于对照;除nl15+nl1处理外,其他处理的幼苗w（Car）显著高于对照.相比对照,nl11+nl15处理的幼苗净光合速率（P_n）显著提高123.5%,nl11处理的幼苗净光合速率（P_n）、水分利用效率（WUE）和光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光化学量子产量（F_v/F_m）显著提高148.72%、156.21%和5.74%,nl15处理的幼苗PSⅡ实际光化学效率（Φ_PSⅡ）显著提高,nl11+nl15+nl1处理的幼苗净光合速率、光化学淬灭系数（qP）与电子传递速率（ETR）显著提高173.59%、12.58%和5.13%,nl1处理的紫穗槐幼苗初始荧光（F_o）与最大荧光（F_m）显著低于无菌幼苗10.05%和19.86%.通过土壤菌施用,显著促进了紫穗槐幼苗的光合色素的合成,提高气孔导度、水分利用效率、蒸腾速率和净光合速率,降低气孔限制值,增强了植株对有效光的利用,并且防止过剩光能对光合机构的进一步伤害,提高抗逆性和适应性,并以nl11、nl11+nl15和nl11+nl15+nl1这3种配置模式效果最为显著.      

改性核桃壳对石油烃类物质的吸附试验研究

为了研究改性制备核桃壳对石油烃吸附程度,以化学改性制备核桃壳为吸附剂,考察了溶液p H值、时间和温度对改性核桃壳吸附石油烃效果的影响。结果表明:当温度为298 K,p H为7.0,0.2 g改性核桃壳吸附处理100 m L浓度为60 mg/L的柴油溶液,80 min后吸附量最大,可达到12.57 mg/g。该吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,其相关系数达到0.9999。在3种温度(298,308,318 K)条件下的吸附等温曲线更符合Freundlich模型。通过热力学计算证实,该吸附过程是吸热的、自发的过程,一定程度上的升温有助于石油烃的吸附。     

双桥山群的沉积环境和变形历史再探讨--以大背坞地区为例

在对大背坞地区双桥山群变质岩中“斑点构造”研究的基础上发现了同生碎屑-一种发育于沉积岩中反映动荡沉积环境的典型沉积构造，为进一步证实双桥山群属于半深海-深海的浊流相沉积环境特点提供重要依据，通过详细的构造变形分析，确认双桥山群主要经历了区域紧闭褶皱和韧性剪切两期构造变形，运用平衡剖面方法和应变测量估算双桥山群褶皱变形的地壳缩短量为71.6%，双桥山群地层层内压扁变形压缩率为23.1%～45.3%，在对大背钨韧性剪切带进行系统研究后，建立了一套浅变质碎屑中进变质韧性剪切带的识别标志，进而对该区韧性剪切带进行 划分和厘定，同时依据韧性剪切带中同生碎屑和同构造变斑晶的应变测量结果（Kxz值），估算出大背坞韧性剪切带剪应变（γ）为1.01～2.13、最大剪位移量为0.6～0.8km。结合区域构造演化分析，认为双桥山群褶皱变形形成于晋宁期，韧性剪切变形发生于燕山期，前者是扬子地块基底岩系形成时期，后者是鹅湖花岗岩侵位和隆升过程中引发的花岗岩外围地区变质岩的以垂向剪切运动为特征的韧性剪切变形作用。     

珠江口浮游藻类生态及与关键水质因子分析

从宏观上和特殊性两方面对其进行浮游藻类生态发生与关键水质因子 (盐度、DO、PO4 P、NO3 N)关联的研究与总结。得出二者间确有关联 ,在 12个测点站位中 ,C12 站位具有水域特殊性 ,即在C12 测点具有溶解氧超饱和现象 ,溶氧饱和率为 115 % ,中肋骨条藻高达 8.6 9× 10 5L 1,个体百分组成高达 87.4 % ,藻类优势度为92 .3% ,该测点水域处于赤潮状态 ,并导致C12 测点活性磷浓度为最低测值。由于硝酸盐含量很高 ,藻类生长和硝酸盐的特殊对应关系不明显。相关分析显示 ,在整个水域盐度与藻类生长为正相关 ,藻类丰度与最高溶氧也为正相关 ,藻类生长与活性磷和硝酸盐之间乃为负相关     

地铁隧道排烟口无量纲结构参数与局部阻力研究*

针对现有行业规范中的排烟口结构参数尚不明确的问题,依托过海瓦贵区间隧道,搭建隧道通风排烟模型实验系统。设定11种排烟口面积工况,结合实验与数值模拟,得到排烟口上、下游的静压值和风速。引入动能修正系数,推导出基于上下游能量差的排烟口局部阻力表达式,绘制出无量纲面积比与局部阻力系数曲线族。研究结果表明:排烟口长宽比值较大时,不利于排烟口下方风流流动;在同一风机组合工况下,当排烟口面积缩小时,局部阻力系数会呈现出先减后增的趋势;提出排烟口最优结构长宽比为1.06。研究结果可为相关规范制定提供参考,并为防灾救灾提供理论支持。     

油茶果壳炭对低浓度油烟的吸附行为

利用油茶果壳直接炭化法制备油茶果壳炭,其BET比表面积和孔容积测定结果分别为1 244 m2·g-1和1.02 cm3·g-1,SEM的分析表明,油茶果壳炭含有不同孔径的孔隙和裂缝,有利于油烟这种含有复杂组分污染物分子的吸附作用;等温吸附实验结果表明,低温低油烟浓度有利于油茶果壳炭对油烟的吸附作用,吸附量可达378.79 mg·g-1,其吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型,热力学参数ΔG0、ΔH0、ΔS0均为负值,表明油茶果壳炭对油烟的吸附是一个自发的放热的物理过程。