Thermal effects of a sonic jet fire impingement on a pipe

Although the effects of jet fires are often limited to rather short distances, if their flames impinge on a pipe or a vessel collapse can occur in very short times. In such cases, the heat flux on the affected equipment is very high and wall temperature can increase very rapidly. This can happen in parallel pipelines, if a release occurs and impinges on another one. Nevertheless, jet fire impingement has been scarcely studied. In this communication the results obtained from an experimental set-up are presented. Sonic jet fires impinged on a pipe containing stagnant air or water. The temperatures of the flames impinging on it were measured for the worst case (flame front-bright zone), as well as the evolution with time of the pipe wall temperature at different locations. Initial temperature increases up to around twenty °C/s were registered for the air inside, with maximum values of up to 600 °C reached in 2.5 min, and 800 °C in approximately 9 min. In the case of pipe containing water, in the zone of the wall in contact with the liquid the heating rates were much lower, the maximum temperature reached being up to approximately 150 °C. From the temperatures of the jet flames and of the pipe, the heat fluxes reaching the pipe and the corresponding heat transfer coefficients were obtained. The results obtained emphasized that safe distances are essential in pipelines, together with fire proofing and other safety measures.     

煤田火区温室气体通量测量方法研究进展

为提高煤田火区温室气体通量测量的准确性,科学制定温室气区减排措施,笔者对国内外煤田火区温室气体测量方法进行梳理,对比分析各种测量方法的原理、优缺点和适用范围等,提出测量方法存在的问题及以后的研究方向。研究表明:目前所用的测量方法存在测量精度低、连续性差、假设理想化等缺陷,检测设备的改进应朝着能适应当地地表高温环境并能实现连续监测的方向发展,测量方法应更注重和新技术的结合。     

平板膜生物反应器临界通量测定方法研究

临界通量在膜污染控制中是一个非常重要的概念.本文采用通量阶梯式递增法测定平板膜生物反应器的临界通量,在此基础上考察了不同测定参数对临界通量的影响.结果表明,测定临界通量过程中,当初始启动通量小于临界通量时,其对临界通量的测定值影响不大;当通量阶梯递增量增大时,临界通量的测定结果变小;当测定间隔时间段变长时,临界通量的测定结果相应变小.在测定临界通量时,推荐以下测定参数:通量阶梯递增量不大于4 L/(m2·h),测定间隔时间段取15～30 min;初始启动通量的选择要适宜,太大可能导致试验结果的误差.     

事故后果模拟分析法在安全评价应用中的问题及处理

分析了事故后果模拟分析方法在安全评价应用中存在的问题,方法中有关参数要根据现场实际情况计算、测量选取,否则计算结果就会失真.     

Water quality in rice-growing watersheds in a Mediterranean climate

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) agriculture is estimated to cover 161 million ha of land on Earth, with 10% grown in temperate regions. Currently there are strong concerns about surface water nutrient pollution, and the purpose of this study was to determine the impacts of temperate rice cultivation on nutrient dynamics at the small watershed scale. Over the course of the 2008 growing season (May through September), bi-weekly grab samples were collected from outlets of 11 agricultural subwatersheds in California. Samples were analyzed for NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, K, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations, and the average values across all subwatersheds and sampling dates were 0.22, 0.031, 0.047, 1.36, and 0.32 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Linear mixed effects analysis was used to evaluate the magnitude of relationships between nutrient concentration and flux and subwatershed characteristics (i.e. percent soil clay and organic matter, percent rice area, irrigation water reuse, subwatershed discharge, irrigated area, and time, measured as the day in the growing season). For all nutrients, flux decreased over time and increased with discharge. Concentrations of K and DON were highest at the start and end of the growing season. Concentrations of NH₄-N were near non-detect levels, with the exception of a peak in mid-July, which corresponds to when many growers top-dress rice fields with N fertilizer. Nitrate-N concentration and flux decreased with percent rice area, whereas PO₄-P concentrations increased with percent rice area, indicating that rice area should be considered in future watershed-scale studies of nutrient discharge. In all subwatersheds, the discharge loads of K were smaller than surface water input loads, while NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, and DON discharge loads exceeded input loads when total growing season discharge was greater than 3500-6600 m³ ha⁻¹. This implies that the management of subwatershed discharge can be used to control nutrient export from rice-growing areas.     

Mercury in leaf litter in typical suburban and urban broadleaf forests in China

Leaf litterfall plays an important role in transporting atmospheric mercury to soil in forests area.     

"微滤+反渗透"工艺在处理垃圾渗滤液中的应用研究

采用"多孔陶瓷微滤+两级反渗透"工艺处理垃圾渗滤液.分别考察多孔陶瓷微滤膜、一级反渗透和二级反渗透对渗滤液COD、NH3-N、电导率及相应去除率与运行时间的关系,还重点考察了一级反渗透系统回收率控制及清洗周期和方法.研究结果表明:经过陶瓷微滤预处理后,出水的COD、NH3-N去除率、脱盐率分别维持在50.3%、30.2...     

浑河主要污染物入河总量特征分析

以辽河流域4条河流中浑河2004--2008年入河总量监测数据为基础,统计浑河COD和氨氮入河总量变化及特征,分析污染物主要来源及所占比重,统计抚顺和沈阳两城市河段的比例。由此得出,2007年和2008年浑河COD和氨氮入河总量较前3a有所下降,但仍居于辽河流域4条河流前列,浑河COD和氨氮入河量主要来源于支流和直排市政排污口,重点污染源对总量贡献率较小,沈阳城市段由于城市污水排放量大,COD和氨氮入河总量明显高于抚顺,特别是氨氮入河量占总量的90％左右,是浑河氨氮污染的主要来源,2008年抚顺段COD入河量所占比重增加。     

黄河三角洲潮间带营养盐的输送通量研究

为研究潮间带区域营养盐的时空变化特点和输送通量,于2007年9月、2008年4月和2008年7月在黄河三角洲南部潮间带设置三个15 h连续站,监测溶解NO3-N、NH4-N、NO2-N、PO4-P、SiO3-Si以及溶解总氮(DTN)和溶解总磷(DTP)含量.结果表明:(1)秋、春和夏季DTN的浓度范围分别为27.55...     

外源含硫化合物对土壤挥发性有机硫化合物交换通量的影响

通过静态箱采样和Entech7100预浓缩仪-GC-MS分析了半胱氨酸、硫化钠和硫酸钠对土壤吸收或释放羰基硫（COS）、二甲基硫醚（DMS）、二硫化碳（CS2）和二甲二硫醚（DMDS）等4种挥发性有机硫化合物（VOSCs）的影响.结果表明,添加半胱氨酸后,土壤由COS和CS2汇转变为源,DMS和DMDS通量显著增加,且...