造纸废液作过磷酸钙减水剂的应用研究

将造纸废液中的有害成分(MNA)作为生产过磷酸钙的减水剂,从根本上解决了我国湿法生产过磷酸钙成品肥水分超标的难题。实验和工业生产试验采用国产难磨浏阳磷矿,在一定的过磷酸钙生产工艺条件下,添加0.38%干矿粉重量的减水剂,可使球磨添加水量从218kg降至100kg,矿浆含水量从40%降至25%,成品肥含水量从23.88%降至13.42%,有效磷从9.76%升至12.24%。实验和工业试验结果表明,造纸废液用作过磷酸钙减水剂,即可确保产品水分达标,提高肥料质量,又减少了废液排放,治理了环境污染。     

Cadmium in aquatic ecosystems in Western Australia: A legacy of nutrient-deficient soils

More than 273 tonnes of cadmium have been added to Western Australian ecosystems through the application of superphosphate fertilisers since 1982. Fifty percent of this is water soluble and therefore eventually leaches into waterbodies and accumulates in the sediments. From this source, it enters the food web through algae and benthic animals and may ultimately be passed to humans. This is reflected in the cadmium levels of the freshwater mussels (Westralunio carteri) that exceeded statutory Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA) guidelines for Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs) with respect to human consumption. The cadmium levels bioaccumulated in freshwater mussels elevated with increasing catchment clearing, being highest in degraded catchments. The MPC for Cd in crustaceans have recently been removed, yet tissues within the freshwater crayfish (Cherax tenuimanus) frequently exceeded the old MPC (0·2 μCd g⁻¹wet weight). Marron are sometimes consumed in considerable quantities and the risk to human health posed by a high Cd intake is briefly summarised. Finally, a number of management options concerned with reducing the level of Cd from fertilisers passing to humans are reviewed.     

Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the effect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings(Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the effect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously iuence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously iuence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coefficient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.     

木浆造纸黑液活化磷矿矿浆生产普钙的研究

利用木浆造纸黑液活化磷矿矿浆,降低矿浆流动起点水分,既简化普钙生产流程,降低普钙生产成本,又能消除造纸黑液污染。试验结果表明：木浆造纸黑液活化磷矿矿浆最佳黑液投入量为0.027mL/g矿粉,当矿浆含水率控制在26％～28％之间时,矿浆粘度可降至0.70Pa·s以下,所生产的鲜钙能满足质量要求。为造纸黑液活化磷矿矿浆生产普钙提供了理论和技术依据     

过磷酸钙与石灰混施对污染农田低累积玉米生长和重金属含量的影响

通过田间实验,研究了过磷酸钙和石灰混施对重金属污染农田上低累积玉米产量以及籽粒、茎叶重金属含量的影响,并分析了施用过磷酸钙和石灰后土壤pH和有效重金属含量的变化。结果表明,与单施过磷酸钙和单施石灰相比,过磷酸钙和石灰混施更能显著提高玉米生物产量,且过磷酸钙和石灰均有一定的后效。单施石灰处理、石灰与过磷酸钙混施处理都均显著降低玉米籽粒Cd、Zn和Cu含量,其中以中量(0.4 kg/m2)、高量石灰(0.6 kg/m2)+中量过磷酸钙(0.2kg/m2)处理效果最佳,其玉米籽粒Cd、Zn和Cu含量降低到了国家食品卫生标准允许的含量水平。石灰处理均不同程度地提高了玉米籽粒Pb含量,配施过磷酸钙也不能明显降低玉米籽粒Pb含量,但仍低于饲料卫生标准允许的含量水平。另外,单施石灰处理和石灰与过磷酸钙混施处理均显著降低了玉米茎叶Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量,可以安全用作有机肥。     

普通过磷酸钙清洁生产工艺的研究与应用

通过实现氟硅酸循环利用 ,用含氟硅胶生产白炭黑 ,基本消除普钙生产中含氟污染物的排放 ,且有较好的经济效益。     

过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果联合添加对猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化和腐熟的影响

调控堆肥过程中CO_2的排放,对于保证堆肥进程的有效进行和减少碳素损失具有重要意义.本文以过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果为添加剂,共设置4个处理:不添加添加剂(CK)、过磷酸钙处理(P)、腐烂苹果处理(A)及混合添加处理(1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果,PA),研究在自制堆肥反应箱猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化特征及其对堆肥腐熟的影响.结果表明,单加过磷酸钙处理进入高温期的时间晚于其他处理3～4 d,而混合添加处理并没有出现高温期推迟的现象.整个堆肥过程中,CK、P、A和PA处理CO_2-C的累积排放量分别占起始碳素的37.0%、33.0%、40.1%和36.7%,碳素损失分别为54.1%、50.3%、59.4%和55.7%.虽然单加过磷酸钙处理降低了堆肥中碳素损失,但却抑制了有机质的降解,增加了电导率值,而混合添加处理促进了有机质的降解,并使腐殖质含量较对照提高了11.8%.此外,单加过磷酸钙处理的种子发芽指数在40 d时才达到80%,而混合添加处理在24 d时已达到80%.综上分析,1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果联合添加是一种可行的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂使用方法.     

Effect of selenium on the growth of Lemna minor

The effect of selenium on the vegetative reproduction of cultured Lemna minor was investigated. Cultures were grown for 28 days at a temperature of 23 ± 3°C and under a constant (24 h) light cycle. Growth was monitored every seven days. The growth of L. minor was inhibited at high concentrations (>5mg/L [Se]), but stimulated at low concentrations (0.2—2mg/L [Se]). This stimulation of growth at low selenium concentrations has significant implications for the use of selenium enriched superphosphate fertilisers on selenium deficient pastures.     

Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the e ect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings (Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the e ect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously influence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously influence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coe cient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.