Spillover effect of environmental investment: evidence from panel data at provincial level in China

This paper considers pollution density as a function of environmental investment. The higher environmental investment, the lower pollution density. The lower the pollution density is the higher production technology becomes. This is called the spillover effect. We collected China's panel data at the provincial level from 2005 to 2009, and tested the spillover effect of environmental investment. This paper finds that the environmental investment influenced production technology positively. There is a significant positive relation between government expenditure and spillover effect.     

干旱胁迫对香蒲生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用野外调查方法,研究了不同土壤含水量条件下香蒲植株的形态、生物量、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明：（1）土壤含水量对香蒲株高影响显著,轻度、中度和重度干旱处理香蒲株高分别下降为对照（土壤水分始终饱和）的90.90%、68.19%和63.64%。（2）香蒲茎直径、叶长、叶宽和叶绿素含量均随土壤含水量的降低而呈递减趋势,枯叶率却明显增加。（3）不同土壤含水量条件下香蒲密度和生物量差异均达显著水平（P〈0.05）。轻度、中度和重度干旱组香蒲密度分别比对照下降41.67%、53.33%和66.67%;而对照香蒲单株生物量分别为轻度、中度和重度干旱组的2.25、5.54和7.45倍。（4）香蒲叶片最大光量子产量（Fv/Fm）和最大相对电子传递速率（Re,t,max）随土壤含水量的减少而明显降低。干旱降低了香蒲叶片光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的光化学效率,抑制了香蒲的生长。     

投喂不同密度卤虫无节幼体对灰海马幼体生长和存活的影响

为比较投喂不同密度卤虫对灰海马幼体生长和存活的影响,共设3个卤虫无节幼体密度组[5(A)、10(B)和20(C)个/mL],用初始密度为2尾/L的灰海马幼体进行为期50 d的养殖研究.结果显示,总体而言,3个饵料密度对灰海马幼体的存活、生长有显著影响(P<0.05).在前10 d,3组海马间的成活率和生长速度差异均不显著(P>0.05);d20～50,B、C两组海马的成活率均显著高于A组(P<0.05),而B、C两组之间无显著差异(P>0.05).d 20时,B、C两组的生长速度显著快于A组(P<0.05);d 30往后,A、C两组的生长速度开始加快,随后3组海马生长速度间的差距进一步缩小,直至A组的体质量和体高超过B组和C组(P<0.05),而B、C两组间的差异显著性消失(P>0.05).随着投放卤虫密度的增加,各时间点水体的pH和溶氧含量呈显著下降的趋势(P<0.05);C组氨态氮含量显著高于A组和B组(P<0.05);除第24 h外,3组间亚硝态氮的含量差异不显著.综合结果表明,卤虫的最适投喂密度应随着灰海马的生长进行适时调整.从初孵至d 10,饵料密度以10个/mL最佳;从d 10起,将饵料密度上调至20个/mL;d 30后当海马密度降至0.5～1尾/L时,卤虫密度可降至10个/mL左右.图2表1参21     

徐州冬季雾-霾天颗粒物粒径及气溶胶光学特性变化特征

为研究徐州冬季雾-霾天气形成过程中颗粒物粒径及气溶胶光学特性的变化特征,分析了2014年12月1日～2015年2月28日徐州大气颗粒物质量浓度（PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁）、数浓度（0～1μm、1～2.5μm、2.5～10μm）和气溶胶光学特性等数据.结果表明：0～1μm粒径范围细颗粒物的大量增多是引发徐州冬季雾-霾天气的主要因素,徐州冬季地面风速小（静风或轻风天气）,较高的大气相对湿度对雾-霾的形成和维持起着重要影响作用.持续时间较长的雾霾天气,因颗粒物吸湿增长和水汽附着,1～10μm粒径范围大气颗粒物在雾霾时段易发生沉降而减少,后随相对湿度降低雾霾转为短时间的霾天气,1～10μm颗粒物数浓度大幅上升.徐州冬季500nm波段AOD_total和AOD_{fine mode}具有相同的变化趋势,雾-霾日AOD_total和AOD_{fine mode}显著高于非霾日.AOD_{fine mode}与AOD_{coarse mode}的比值雾-霾日亦明显高于非霾日,而且在雾-霾日Angstrom波长指数主要集中在1～1.6,表明徐州冬季雾-霾时段大气中细颗粒物为主控粒子.     

除草剂对苘麻子代萌发和幼苗生长的延迟影响

以我国本土野生植物苘麻为研究对象,通过盆栽和萌发实验,研究了苯磺隆和莠去津2种除草剂施用于苘麻花期对收获种子的萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,苯磺隆和莠去津均对苘麻繁殖具有延续影响.苯磺隆对苘麻的种子萌发百分率和平均发芽时间影响不显著,而使种子萌发初始时间提前或推迟,随着浓度增加变化无规律性.大田推荐剂量浓度的苯磺隆（22.5g ai/hm²）抑制第7天幼苗生长特别是子叶下胚轴生长,而低于大田推荐剂量的6个浓度均促进第7d幼苗生长.大田推荐剂量浓度1/16的莠去津（75g ai/hm²）处理后所获得种子萌发百分率显著高于空白对照和其它处理获得的种子萌发百分率,施用大田推荐剂量（1200g ai/hm²）和大田推荐剂量浓度1/4的莠去津（300g ai/hm²）使种子初始萌发时间显著推迟.莠去津使种子平均发芽时间显著增加,大田推荐剂量浓度1/64（0.35g ai/hm²）和1/4的莠去津抑制第7天幼苗生长.     

Growth inhibition and DNA damage in the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to perfluorooctane sulphonate and perfluorooctanoic acid

An artificial soil method was applied to study the effects of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Survival, growth inhibition and damage to DNA of earthworms were detected after 14 d acute exposure. The 14 d-LC₅₀ of PFOS and PFOA was 478.0?mg·kg^?1 dw and 759.6?mg·kg^?1 dw, respectively, indicating that they were of low toxicity. Both PFOS and PFOA could significantly inhibit the growth of earthworms after 14 d exposure, and growth inhibition rates increased with the greater concentrations of PFOS or PFOA, showing a dose–response relationship (PFOS: r?=?0.951, P r?=?0.962, P?P?50 of PFOS was lower than that of PFOA, the growth inhibition rate of earthworm exposed to PFOS was higher than that exposed to PFOA at the same concentration level, and the median values of TL, CL and OTM in PFOS treatments were also higher than those in PFOA treatments. In conclusion, both these fluorine compounds were moderately toxic to earthworms, but the PFOS effect was greater than that of PFOA.     

Tourism effects on the environment and economic sustainability of sub-Saharan Africa

This paper integrates tourism, economic growth, and environmental issues in a multivariate format. Unlike recent research on this topic, a panel data of selected sample nations of sub-Saharan Africa is adopted by using cointegration and panel regression models. The current research discovers both long-run equilibrium and short-run dynamics between economic growth, tourism, energy use, and carbon emissions in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, tourism and energy use show a highly significant direct impact on economic growth. In addition, tourism, energy use, and economic growth yield a highly significant positive effect on carbon emissions. Dissecting the region into oil producers and non-oil producers further suggests that the economic growth of sub-Saharan Africa has been accomplished by strong growth in tourism and energy use. However, there is highly significant evidence that in oil producing countries, CO₂ emissions are directly affected by energy use and economic growth and not by tourism. For non-oil producing countries, tourism and energy use but not economic growth incur a highly significant positive impact on carbon emissions.     

复合污染下Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd在水稻植株中的富集特征

掌握水稻对污染土壤中重金属的吸收和富集特征,为科学认识水稻中重金属的残留问题、健康风险提供理论依据。采用田间试验,研究了4个不同处理量Cu、Cr、Ni、Cd复合污染下水稻的富集特征及其随生育期的变化规律。结果表明,重金属在水稻植株各部位中吸收富集系数的大小依次为：Cd〉Cu〉Ni〉Cr,根部重金属吸收富集系数是地上各部位的吸收富集系数的2~100倍。各重金属在水稻植株不同部位的积累分布明显不同,成熟期水稻植株中Cu在水稻不同部位的质量分数为根〉茎≥叶〉米粒〉谷壳,Ni的分布规律为根〉叶〉茎〉米粒〉谷壳,Cr的分布规律为根〉叶〉谷壳≥茎〉米粒,Cd的分布规律为根〉茎〉叶〉米粒〉谷壳;且随着重金属处理量的增加,水稻植株不同部位的重金属质量分数也呈上升趋势。成熟期米粒中Cu、Ni、Cr和Cd的质量分数范围分别为：4.50~6.19、1.86~4.63、0.72~0.76和0.08~0.39 mg·kg-1,与无公害食品标准（GB15199-94、GBT2762-2005）相比,米粒中Cu和Cr的质量分数均未超标,而Ni和Cd（Cd高剂量处理时）的质量分数均超标,存在食用安全风险。重金属在水稻植株不同部位的质量分数随生育期均呈现先升后降的趋势,灌浆中期达到最大,而到成熟期又明显降低。不同重金属在水稻植株中的富集能力和分布规律均呈现明显差异,不同生育期水稻植株中重金属的质量分数明显不同但其质量分数变化呈明显规律性。     

四溴双酚A对赤子爱胜蚓的生长和基因表达的影响

试验采用人工土壤法,通过14 d急性毒性试验,研究了不同剂量TBBPA对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)生长、基因表达的影响。在14 d急性毒性试验中,随着暴露时间和浓度的增加,蚯蚓生长受到了显著抑制,未出现死亡现象。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的基因表达量在低浓度(50 mg·kg-1)时受到诱导上调;谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)的基因表达量在400 mg·kg-1染毒组受到明显诱导,是对照组的8.73倍;热休克蛋白(Hsp70)的基因表达量在50、100和200 mg·kg-1染毒组被诱导上调。基因表达量的变化显示,在50、100、200 mg·kg-1浓度条件下,蚯蚓可以利用自身的抗氧化能力维持体内的动态平衡稳定,使得机体免受损伤。但是在超过400 mg·kg-1浓度后,TBBPA的毒性效应超过了机体的应对能力,使机体遭受损伤,外在特征主要表现为蚯蚓身体蜷缩、变细变硬。从生物标志物角度,基因表达量的变化对TBBPA毒性效应的指示作用较生长抑制率更为敏感。     

Recovery of NH 4 + by corn cob produced biochars and its potential application as soil conditioner

NH4^＋ ion, a main pollutant in aquatic systems, not only causes eutrophication in rivers and lakes but also contributes to fish toxicity. In this study, an eco-friendly biosorbent was prepared from the pyrolysis of corn cob, a low-cost agricultural residue. The biochars produced by pyrolysis of corn cob at 400℃ and 600℃ were characterized and investigated as adsorbents for NH4＋ -N from an aqueous solution. The biochars were characterized through elemental analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller-N2 surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the NH4＋ adsorption process of the corn cob biochars. The Freundlich isotherm model fitted the adsorption process better than the Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. Moreover, the adsorption process was well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Results of thermodynamic analysis suggested that adsorption was a nonspontaneous exothermic process. Biochars produced at 400℃ had higher adsorption capacity than those produced at 600℃ because of the presence of polar functional groups with higher acidity. The exhausted biochar can be potentially used as soil conditioner, which can provide 6.37 kg NH4＋-N-t^-1 （N fertilizer per ton of biochar）.