瑞士土壤环境监测网络构建与运行对中国的启示

“十三五”期间,中国初步构建了国家土壤环境监测网并开展了监测工作。当前,国家层面土壤环境监测网络的构建和运行还处于起步阶段,笔者选取土壤环境监测开展较为成熟的瑞士土壤环境监测网(NABO)作为研究对象,综述了NABO的技术体系及多年来的土壤环境监测结果,并结合中国土壤环境监测工作现状进行讨论,认为NABO在监测网络建立、指标选取、数据分析等方面建立了较为成熟的技术体系,未来中国国家土壤环境监测网可在此方面借鉴瑞士经验。     

基于云模型的富水岩溶隧道涌水风险评价

为适应风险因素不确定性、随机性及动态反馈性等特点,建立新型富水岩溶隧道涌水风险评价体系,提出1种基于云模型的模糊综合评价方法.选取5个1级指标、29个2级指标构建评价指标体系;综合层次分析、熵权与加权平均计算法合理分配各指标权重;利用云生成算法计算出云数字特征参数并生成足够数量的云滴;将方法应用于贵州省某隧道涌水风险评...     

基于两级拓扑优化的振动台扩展台面设计与试验验证

根据拓扑优化基本原理,利用OptiStruct进行振动台扩展台面的结构最优化设计,通过两级拓扑优化完成结构的拓扑寻优。首先利用整体级拓扑优化,找到结构的整体最佳构造。然后利用局部级拓扑优化,对局部结构进行拓扑寻优,最终完成产品的结构设计。试验结果与仿真结果对比表明,误差在5%以内,表明方法的有效性和实用性。     

绿色大学评价指标体系设计初探

绿色大学的建设是贯彻环境保护基本国策和实施可持续发展战略的重要举措之一。建立一套系统全面且便于操作的指标体系对绿色大学建设具有指导意叉。“绿色大学”建设围绕教育的核心，将可持续发展和环境保护的指导思想落实到大学的各项活动中、融入到大学教育的全过程。按目标层、准则层和指标层的思路构建绿色大学的评价指标体系。准则层由绿色教育、绿色校园、绿色科研、绿色实践和绿色办学构成，反映的是绿色校园建设所应包括的5大部分。指标层包括指标和主要参数，反映准则层的具体内容。     

危化品企业安全信用内涵的探讨

现代市场经济是信用经济,信用需要用制度来保障.对危化品企业就"信用"与"信用制度"进行了探讨,给出了危化品企业安全信用概念,并简单阐述危化品企业安全信用制度内涵.最后,对建立危化品企业安全信用制度的可能性与必要性进行了分析.     

基于系统安全观的道路交通安全立法体系重构研究

介绍和分析现代道路交通安全治理的3种思想。应用其中非常值得我国借鉴的系统治理思想对现行道路交通安全立法进行分析。现行道路交通安全立法仅围绕驾驶人的行为控制而设计,围绕道路交通安全管理部门的职能而展开,在很大程度上局限于道路交通秩序管理,在体系上存在缺失,影响道路交通安全治理的工作及其成效。基于当前形势分析,我国有必要也有条件借鉴道路交通安全系统治理的先进思想,重新构建道路交通安全立法的体系。该体系的重构需从道路安全保障、车辆安全保障、交通秩序管理、运输安全运营、交通事故处理等5个方面展开。     

接地保护与接零保护安全性比较

我国现存标准或规范仍在推荐使用接零保护(TN系统),这是一种人为增大故障电流、以过流保护装置(过流保护断路器或熔断器)对漏电进行防护的方法.在漏电保护器RCD广泛应用的今天,完成漏电防护的首要装置是RCD,而不再是过流保护装置.通过基于RCD的漏电防护水平评价和对本质安全性的综合比较, 得出的结论是接地保护(TT系统)比接零保护(TN系统)更安全.     

Conservation by Design

Abstract: Conservation researchers are increasingly aware of the need to conduct interdisciplinary research and to engage nonscientists in practical applications of conservation biology. But so far, industrial designers have been left out of such collaboration and outreach efforts. Conservation of wildlife often depends on products such as nest boxes, feeders, barriers, and corridors, all of which have a designed component that is frequently overlooked. Furthermore, many products are adopted without testing on short or long time scales. We argue that the design of products for conservation, and hence their functionality, effectiveness, and value, can be improved through collaboration with industrial designers. We see four key benefits that can arise from interactions with industrial designers: improvement of product quality and value, innovation and improvement in functionality of products, harmonization of conservation products with local values, and development of a psychological biomimesis approach to design. The role of industrial designers in conservation projects would be to improve factors such as product durability, affordability, functionality, and aesthetic appeal to local people. Designers can also help to create multiple product options whose success can be tested in the field. We propose that collaborations with industrial designers can contribute to the development of improvements to existing products and innovations in the practice of animal conservation.     

绵竹县社会经济发展战略的系统动力学研究

摆脱传统思维方式的束缚,采用科学的、系统的、程序化的方法制定我国县级经济和社会发展战略,是我国现代化建设提出的一项艰巨任务。本文旨在通过介绍“绵竹县经济社会发展总体规划(系统工程应用)研究”的核心部分——绵竹县社会经济系统动态仿真模型设计与发展战略的仿真实验择优,阐述系统工程的原理和运用数学模型方法对县级社会经济系统进行总体设计、预演和优化的一点体会。     

An assessment methodology for successional systems. I. Null models and the regulatory framework

Standard procedures for evaluating environmental impact involve comparison between before and after conditions or scenarios or between treatment and control site pairs. In many cases, however, endogenous directional change (natural succession) is expected to occur at a significant rate over the period of concern, particularly for manmade systems such as impoundments. Static evaluations do not provide an adequate approach to such problems. A new evaluation frame is proposed. Nominal system behavior over time is characterized by a stochastic envelope around a nominal trajectory. We show that both the state variance and the sampling variance can change over time. In this context, environmental regulations can be framed as constraints, targets, or conformance to ideal trajectories. Statistical tests for determining noncompliance are explored relative to process variance, sample error, and sample size. Criteria are elucidated for choosing properties to monitor, sample size, and sampling interval.