单甲脒等农药的土壤薄层层析行为

用土壤薄层层析法研究单甲脒，单甲脒盐酸盐、灭幼脲和涕灭威等农药在不同土壤中的迁移行为，分别获得了这几种化合物的Ｒｆ值，它们分别为０．１４、０．１７，０．０８，０．７６，研究表明，单脒，单甲脒盐酸盐和灭幼脲不会污染地下水，而涕灭威则会对地下水污染构成严重的威胁。     

稳定剂增强的土壤原位覆盖抑制河流底泥氮磷释放研究

采用添加稳定剂的方式增强土壤覆盖对氮磷营养盐的抑制效果。以河流黑臭底泥为试验对象,通过底泥培养试验研究了无覆盖层、土壤覆盖、土壤+H2O2覆盖和土壤+KMn O4覆盖对底泥氮磷释放的抑制效果。研究结果表明:与无覆盖组相比,3种材料覆盖都可抑制底泥氮磷的释放。KMn O4的添加会促进含氮有机物的分解,提高土壤中三价铁含量,H2O2会提高水体溶解氧水平;对于氮释放的抑制效果顺序为土壤+H2O2组>土壤组>土壤+KMn O4组,对于磷释放的抑制效果顺序为土壤+KMn O4组>土壤+H2O2组>土壤组。从抑制氮磷释放效果和环保角度综合考虑,土壤+过氧化氢是最佳的覆盖材料。     

Red soil for sediment capping to control the internal nutrient release under flow conditions

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) released from the sediment to the surface water is a major source of water quality impairment. Therefore, inhibiting sediment nutrient release seems necessary. In this study, red soil (RS) was employed to control the nutrients released from a black-odorous river sediment under flow conditions. The N and P that were released were effectively controlled by RS capping. Continuous-flow incubations showed that the reduction efficiencies of total N (TN), ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ -N), total P (TP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) of the overlying water by RS capping were 77%, 63%, 77% and 92%, respectively, and nitrification and denitrification occurred concurrently in the RS system. An increase in the water velocity coincided with a decrease in the nutrient release rate as a result of intensive water aeration.

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原位掩蔽对底泥汞释放的抑制效果及中试评估

为解决贵州省百花湖底泥中的汞污染问题,研究了原位掩蔽对底泥中汞释放的抑制效果. 选择沸石、高岭土和赤铁矿为掩蔽材料,通过模拟试验,确定原位掩蔽的最佳覆盖厚度为2.0 cm,此时沸石、高岭土和赤铁矿对底泥汞释放的控制率分别为47.1%、64.9%和62.3%,说明最佳掩蔽材料为高岭土. 以高岭土为掩蔽材料的情况下,试验实施7 d后,水体扰动对控制率的影响不足6.7%. 中试区位于百花湖重度污染区,面积约为22 000 m2,采用驳船少量多次撒布高岭土原位掩蔽汞污染底泥,控制覆盖厚度为2.0~3.0 cm,按月连续监测6次. 结果显示,高岭土对汞污染底泥的控制率达到47.1%. 模拟试验及中试效果显示,高岭土原位掩蔽可有效抑制底泥中汞的释放,并且较薄的覆盖厚度可降低工程成本和对湖底生态系统的影响.      

覆盖法控制城市河涌底泥磷释放研究

建立了一套包含有城市河涌底泥、覆盖材料及上覆水的小试装置,采用粉煤灰、水泥、沸石、河砂、玻璃珠等不同物质作为覆盖材料,在厌氧条件下,覆盖材料对城市河涌底泥磷释放的控制效果进行了研究.结果表明,在培养温度为25℃,覆盖材料用量为6.0kg·m-2时,玻璃珠、河砂、沸石、粉煤灰、水泥对PO43-释放的抑制率分别为40.0%、46.7%、60.0%、75.6%、88 9%;覆盖材料对PO43-的抑制作用可归结为覆盖材料的覆盖效应、化学效应和吸附效应;覆盖材料对PO43-释放的抑制率均随着温度的升高而降低;覆盖材料用量对PO43-抑制率影响较大,对于水泥、粉煤灰、沸石、河砂,要达到约50%的PO43-释放抑制率,其用量分别为2.0、2.0、6.0、10.0 kg·m-2,选用粉煤灰作为覆盖材料较合适;从重金属毒理学方面讲,覆盖材料不会对底泥及区域土壤造成影响.     

纳米TiO2光电催化氧化法测定COD的影响因素

以纳米TiO2为光阳极,利用薄层微型反应器纳米TiO2光电催化氧化的方法测定COD,具有快速、准确、无二次污染的特点。研究了电解质类型、光源种类等对薄层微型反应器中光电催化测定COD的影响。研究结果表明：与NaNO,和KCl比较,NaH2PO4作电解质时的紫外光吸收低、电极表面氧化性能稳定,性能良好;与镓灯、碘镓灯比较,中压汞灯的紫外光谱丰富、辐射照度大,有利于TiO2光电催化反应的进行;通过热重分析,确定电极薄膜的烧结温度为520℃。     

土壤原位覆盖对底泥的修复作用研究

在高度厌氧底泥和富营养化水体构成的模拟生态系统中,采用土壤和硅藻土进行原位覆盖,研究了覆盖技术对水．沉积物界面微环境的改善作用和不同覆盖材料对苦草生长的影响。这2种底质覆盖后,表层底泥氧化还原电位（Eh）分别提高了48．37％和46．77％,底层水体的溶解氧消耗降低,水体中的总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）含量降低;与对照箱体的苦草死亡相比,经过土壤和硅藻土覆盖的箱体中苦草正常萌发、定植和生长;硅藻土箱体苦草的生物量、叶绿素和根茎比均高于土壤覆盖箱体。因此,原位覆盖能有效改善底层水体和表层底泥的氧化还原环境,隔绝污染底泥和延缓营养盐释放,为沉水植物种子萌发和幼苗生长提供有利的生境条件。     

Efficiency of active barriers attaching biofilm as sediment capping to eliminate the internal nitrogen in eutrophic lake and canal

Three active barrier materials (zeolite, ceramicite and light porous media) were applied for preventing nitrogen (N) release from eutrophic lake sediments. Long term experiment of two di erent lake sediments were carried out and the e ect of zeolite dose was evaluated. The results indicated that about 90%–100% of total N in overlying water was eliminated by using zeolite. While the N removal e ciency by ceramic was lower than that by zeolite, and light porous media present the lowest e ciency of 59%. Long term sediment incubation experiments indicated that two eutrophic sediments were both e ective in preventing N release in spite of di erent release characteristics. Bio-zeolite capping technology was able to e ectively inhibit the release of N from the sediment, and the zeolite dose was independently from N removal.     

污染水体底泥治理技术研究进展

水体底泥污染,是世界范围内的一个环境问题,污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,底泥中主要的污染物有重金属、营养元素、难降解有机物.目前底泥的治理方法有原位修复和异位处置,原位修复主要有掩蔽技术、淋洗技术;异位处置主要有卫生填埋、堆肥法、干式热处理;生物修复技术是既可用于原位修复又可用于异位处置的一种方法,具有投资少、见效快且没有二次污染的优点,是一种具有广阔应用前景的技术.     

Damos: Twenty Years of Dredged Material Disposal Site Monitoring. Isn'st That Enough?

Since 1977, the US Army Corps of Engineers Disposal Area Monitoring System (DAMOS) has monitored New England's offshore dredged material disposal sites. DAMOS has shown that by using monitoring information to make management decisions, open water disposal of dredged sediments is possible with minimal environmental impact. Over the past two decades, DAMOS has answered many of the key questions about dredged material impacts. Yet the need for such a programme remains strong from both the technical and public interest perspectives. the programme continues to monitor projects that are extending our knowledge in the areas of deeper water capping, geotechnical behaviour of capping and capped materials, and biological response to contaminants. These investigations, along with the need for specific disposal site surveys, will continue to provide valuable technical information needed by the public, policy makers, and regulators to make critical decisions on dredged sediment management.