庐山地区底栖大型无脊椎动物耐污值与水质生物学评价

自1996年至1999年，对庐山自然保护区22个采样点的底栖大型无脊椎动物进行了调查．完成了庐山底栖大型无脊椎动物大多数科与部分属的耐污值核定工作，在Hilsenhoff(1988)与Lenat(1993)工作基础上，新增73科的耐污值．首次提出了蜚蠊目B1attodea、脉翅目Neuroptera、半翅目Hemiptera及鞘翅目Coleoptera水生类群的耐污值．其它主要水生昆虫11个目，凡在中国有分布记录或可能在中国及邻近地区有分布的科均收入并提出耐污值．摇蚊科中国常见的16属引用了Lenat(1994)推荐的耐污值，增加了甲壳纲Crustacea、寡毛纲O1igochaeta、腹足纲Gastropoda、腮瓣纲Lemellibranchia、蛭纲Hirudinea、涡虫纲Turbellria与蜱螨纲Acarina水螨总科Hydrachnoidea等的耐污值．利用上述耐污值系统，对22个采样点中的13个进行了连续水质生物监测，对其余9个采样点水质进行了评估．1996年5月至1999年9月期间，13个采样点水质由重污染至极清洁排序可分6类：如琴湖、东谷溪流、电站水库属重污染水体；天桥由轻污染至重污染；2级站、1级站、3级站由很清洁或清洁至一般；芦林湖、电站水库南支流很清洁；黄龙潭由很清洁至轻污染；三叠泉、第四纪冰川遗址、大月山水库为极清洁．多数采样点1996年11月水质好于5月份的水质．1999年所有采样点水质均比1996年2次调查时差，说明庐山水质污染呈加重趋势．图2表2参18     

铝盐最佳混凝形态及最佳pH范围研究

本文从理论上分析了铝盐的水解聚合过程,预测了铝盐混凝过程进行时的最佳混凝形态及最佳ｐＨ范围,并且通过实验手段分析说明了铝盐的最佳混凝形态,混凝特征及最佳ｐＨ范围,得到了较为一致的结果。     

Kernel-based home range method for data with irregular sampling intervals

Studies of habitat selection and movements often use radio-tracking data for defining animal home ranges. Home ranges (HR) can be approximated by a utilization density distribution (UD) that instead of assuming uniform use of areas within HR boundary provides a probabilistic measure of animal space use. In reality, radio-tracking data contain periods of frequent autocorrelated observations interspersed with temporally more independent observations. Using such temporally irregular data directly may result in biased UD estimates, because areas that have been sampled intensively receive too much weight. The problem of autocorrelation has been tackled by resampling data with an appropriate time interval. However, resampling may cause a large reduction in the data set size along with a loss of information. Evidently, biased UD estimates or reduction in data may prejudice the results on animal habitat selection and movement. We introduce a new method for estimating UDs with temporally irregular data. The proposed method, called the time kernel, accounts for temporal aggregation of observations and gives less weight to temporally autocorrelated observations. A further extension of the method accounts also for spatially aggregated observations with relatively low weights given to observations that are both temporally and spatially aggregated. We test the behaviour of the time kernel method and its spatiotemporal version using simulated data. In addition, the method is applied to a data set of brown bear locations.     

Variation in populations of the coastal dune building grassLeymus arenarius in Iceland revealed by endospermal prolamins

Variation in the endospermal protein patterns of seeds amongst and between inland and coastal populations of the dune building grassLeymus arenarius was examined in Iceland. Seeds were collected from six coastal populations and five inland populations in Iceland. Endospermal proteins (prolamins) of seeds were extracted with Tris-buffered 2-propanol (50%) and β-mercaptoethanol (0.5% v/v). We used 8% and 12% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to separate the prolamin protein bands, which were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R. Coastal populations were differentiated from inland populations on the basis of high frequency of high molar weight (HMW) (110–150 kg mol⁻¹) prolamins. Coastal populations had significantly higher proportions of their seed with more than two HMW prolamins, than those of inland populations. Subtle differences were found among the HMW prolamins of coastal and inland populations indicating limited intrapopulation variation. The dynamic environment of sand dunes probably influences the genetic composition of these populations. The results suggest that seeds of the inland and coastal populations should be treated separately in sand dune reclamation and restoration works     

云南籼稻核心种质回交后代苗期耐冷性研究

早春低温和连续阴雨是导致籼稻烂秧的主要因素之一,筛选耐冷的种质资源,将耐冷性基因导入高产的籼稻品种之中是防止低温冷害最为经济有效的方法。加强籼籼稻杂交后代的苗期耐冷性研究,可为籼稻耐冷性育种提供条件。以235份云南籼稻核心种质和云南主栽籼稻品种滇屯502(Oryzasatica)配制的杂种F5、BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F2代为材料,在昆明自然条件下,对亲本及其后代进行苗期(三叶)耐冷性研究。结果表明,(1)不同回交世代与杂种与亲本间的苗期耐冷强弱差异较大,总体趋势为回交供体亲本>F5>BC1F4>BC2F3>BC3F2;揭示了随着回交世代的增加,其回交杂种苗期耐冷性减弱,越来越趋于轮回亲本,在耐冷育种上对回交供体亲本及其早世代材料进行选择更易获得苗期强耐冷材料。(2)同一稻作区,回交供体亲本的苗期耐冷强于杂种后代;稻作区划间,回交供体亲本及杂种F5总趋势相近,滇中一季籼稻粳稻区和滇东北高原粳稻区材料耐冷最强,而BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F23个回交世代存在一定差异。     

天台铅锌矿区香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)等几种草本植物的重金属耐性

研究了浙江天台铅锌矿区香根草 (Vetiveriazizanioides)及其群落中几种主要植物Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb的累积分布 ,对植物与土壤元素、对重金属的耐受性作了初步探讨 .结果表明 ,香根草植物中元素含量表现为Zn >Pb >Cu >Cd,其中Cu表现为根 >茎 >叶 ,Cd表现为叶 >茎 >根 ,Zn、Pb表现为根 >叶 >茎 .香根草中的Zn、Pb含量均显著地高于其它几种植物 .香根草与土壤元素关系中 ,Zn的相关性最显著 ,其次为Pb .图 1表 5参 19     

球衣菌对重金属离子的耐受性及其吸附能力

研究了球衣菌对重金属离子Ag 、Hg2 、Pb2 、Zn2 的耐受性及生物吸附情况,并着重对Pb2 的吸附行为及工艺条件进行了探讨.结果表明:球衣菌对 4种重金属离子均有不同程度的耐受性,其中对Pb2 具有较大的耐受力.不同生长阶段的菌体对重金属离子的敏感性也不同.球衣菌对Pb2 的吸附作用是一种快速而非依赖温度的过程.在ρi(Pb2 ) =5mg/L,菌体浓度ρb=0. 2g/L,θ=30 ~35℃,pH=6. 5,菌龄a=32h,吸附时间t=30min时,吸附率可达95. 6%,吸附量为 23. 9mg/g. 图 3参 10     

Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming

Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993–2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTI_SD). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTI_SD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTI_SD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming.     

锅炉温控炉拱的设计及燃烧技术性能

论述了将小型链条炉排工业锅炉的炉拱设计成在运行中可以全量调节的结构,以适应燃用多种煤种的需要,并减少与固定拱操作有关的意外伤亡事故。这项技术有创新性,适用性和推广价值