发展液化石油气管道供应是消除城镇民用炉灶污染的可行途径

对我国城镇民用炉灶目前使用和发展的燃料污染状况及经济效益进行了对比分析，提出了发展液化石油管道供应的设想，并对其可行性进行了分析。     

MODELING EFFECTS OF BRUSH MANAGEMENT ON THE RANGELAND WATER BUDGET: EDWARDS PLATEAU,TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to evaluate the influence of woody plants on water budgets of semi‐arid rangelands in karst terrain. The model was configured for the hydrologic evaluation of the North Fork of the Upper Guadalupe River watershed and was calibrated and verified using measured flow data. Nash and Sutcliffe fit efficiencies for daily and monthly verification periods were 0.09 and 0.50, respectively. Streamflow, baseflow, and evapotranspiration (ET) rates were comparable to published field data. Simulated deep recharge was considerably higher than the published values for the Edwards Plateau. The model was then used to simulate conditions with existing brush cover and four different brush removal scenarios. Scenarios were created to represent existing brush and the removal of brush from only locations that were either covered by heavy brush, were on a moderate slope, or were in shallow soils. Resulting data was compared to previous studies of both field experiments and model simulations. Maximum brush removal resulted in a reduction in ET equal to 31.94 mm/yr depth over the entire basin, or 46.62 mm/yr depth over the treated area. Removal of heavy brush cover resulted in the greatest changes in evapotranspiration, surface runoff, base‐flow, and deep recharge. Slope was found to have the greatest effect on lateral subsurface flow.     

A Review of Range Production and Management Extension Activities in Kenya

The paper presents an overview of the development of range management extension activities in Kenya. The status quo of range management activities is discussed with particular reference to extension infrastructure, scope of extension interventions and mechanisms of dissemination of these innovations. On the basis of the nature of available innovations and efficiency of dissemination mechanisms, the paper emphasizes the need for future institutional reforms to facilitate successful application of technological interventions, validation of the Kenyan innovation Diffusion Model and enhancement of the social acceptability of technological interventions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Community Tolerance Comparison As A New and Sensitive Ecotoxicological Tool

The demonstration of an increased tolerance to a pollutant is direct evidence that this pollutant has presented a selection pressure upon a population or community. Recently, pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) has been applied to the benthic community in a metal-enriched estuary to establish causal linkage between observed changes in community structure and composition and the presence of copper. This paper describes the rationale and methodology behind applying PICT to the marine benthic environment, and shows it to be a sensitive ecotoxicological tool. It also presents a case study, demonstrating how a PICT investigation has aided the interpretation of changes in a benthic community, establishing a causal linkage between these changes in the community and the presence of a specific pollutant.     

Wood Density as a Conservation Tool: Quantification of Disturbance and Identification of Conservation‐Priority Areas in Tropical Forests

Abstract: Inventories of tree species are often conducted to guide conservation efforts in tropical forests. Such surveys are time consuming, demanding of expertise, and expensive to perform and interpret. Approaches to make survey efforts simpler or more effective would be valuable. In particular, it would be good to be able to easily identify areas of old‐growth forest. The average density of the wood of a tree species is closely linked to its successional status. We used tree inventory data from eastern Borneo to determine whether wood density can be used to quantify forest disturbance and conservation importance. The average density of wood in a plot was significantly and negatively related to disturbance levels, with plots with higher wood densities occurring almost exclusively in old‐growth forests. Average wood density was unimodally related to the diversity of tree species, indicating that the average wood density in a plot might be a better indicator of old‐growth forest than species diversity. In addition, Borneo endemics had significantly heavier wood than species that are common throughout the Malesian region, and they were more common in plots with higher average wood density. We concluded that wood density at the plot level could be a powerful tool for identifying areas of conservation priority in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia.     

Soil-ecological conditions of the zone of salt waste dumping and plant adaptation to them

Technogenic surface formations near salt waste dumps are subject to salinization by sodium chloride. Synanthropic representatives of local flora that have adapted to salinization are characterized by increased concentrations of salinizing ions; redistribution of chlorides, with their predominant accumulation in above-ground organs; selective absorption with respect to sodium, chloride, and potassium ions; and decreased activity of hydrogen ions in cells.     

独头巷道受限贴附射流有效射程的 理论研究与数值计算

为了探讨独头巷道受限贴附射流通风有效射程,利用巷道断面面积与风筒出流射流直径,定义了独头巷道射流的受限程度,采用理论分 析与数值计算方法,推导了受限射流无因次距离与沿程断面位置、断面流量和断面平均流速之间的关系式,建立了独头巷道受限贴附射流流动 特性模型。利用该模型,开展了8个不同工况下受限贴附射流的数值计算。结果表明,在受限的情况下,射流区无因次最大截面积出现在无因次 距离为0.200 0处,而无因次最大截面流量位于无因次距离为0.187 5处。理论推导和计算结果表明,所得模型和计算方法能更为准确预测受限 贴附射流的有效射程。     

入侵藤本薇甘菊的耐盐能力

薇甘菊Mikania micrantha Kunth为原产中南美洲的入侵藤本植物,现已在全球热带和亚热带地区照成严重的生态问题。野外观察发现薇甘菊已在珠三角沿海植被中滋生。为揭示薇甘菊的耐盐能力及其对滨海盐生植被的潜在危害性,分别对薇甘菊种子、根系和茎干在不同盐度胁迫下的响应进行了测定。在珠三角地区采集了薇甘菊3个批次的种子,并选取珠江三角洲6种常见植物（菊科假臭草Eupatorium catarium、藿香蓟Ageratum conyzoides、野茼蒿Crassocephalum crepidioides、鬼针草Bidens pilosa、翅果菊Pterocypsela indica和旋花科小花假番薯Ipomoea triloba）作为对照,测定了它们在不同NaCl盐度（质量分数）胁迫下的萌发率和幼苗生长;为揭示薇甘菊种子是否可由海水传播,将薇甘菊和对照植物假臭草、藿香蓟和鬼针草在不同盐度条件下浸泡不同时间后解除胁迫再观测其种子萌发率;为确定薇甘菊能否在滨海盐土中无性繁殖,分别对薇甘菊的根系和茎干在盐水浸泡下的植株生长进行了测定。研究结果表明：1）总体而言,薇甘菊3个种群在≤0.6%盐度胁迫下的种子萌发率均与对照组无显著差异,个别种群的这一阈值可高达1.5%,明显高于其他对照植物;同一盐度胁迫条件下,薇甘菊幼苗根系和苗高生长受抑制程度明显低于对照植物。2）即使经高达3.0%盐度胁迫浸泡长达12 d后,薇甘菊、藿香蓟和假臭草种子的萌发率也没有受到显著影响,而鬼针草种子的萌发率有明显下降;四种植物受浸泡后萌芽的幼苗生长均正常。3）薇甘菊根系受0.5%盐度胁迫时没有植株死亡,但苗高增长仅为对照组的53.3%;根系在1.0%盐度胁迫下有95%的植株能存活至少25 d,但苗高增长仅为对照的18.9%;根系在≥1.5%盐度胁迫下薇甘菊无法存活。4）被清水浸泡的薇甘菊茎茎叶均能存活且在全部被浸泡的节上萌芽。当薇甘菊茎干受≥1.0%盐水浸泡时,受浸泡的叶片全部死亡,在1.0%、2.0%和3.0%盐度胁迫下受试茎第21天的死亡率分别为42.9%、40.9%和86.4%。以上结果表明薇甘菊对盐生生境具一定的适应能力,可能通过种子萌发或无性繁殖扩张的方式对滨海盐生植被构成威胁,应当引起重视。