盐度对细菌菌株降解苯酚的影响

从处理苯酚废水活性污泥中筛选分离到四株苯酚降解优势细菌菌株JHCFS1,JHCFS2,JHCFS3与JHCFS4,通过四株细菌在不同盐度条件下的苯酚降解率表明,随着盐浓度的逐渐升高,抑制作用逐渐增大,当NaCl,KCl浓度为4%时,四株细菌降解苯酚均受到显著抑制。苯酚浓度为1000mg/L,NaCl浓度为3%时,JHCFS2的降解率最高为83%,JHCFS4的降解率最低为47.20%;KCl浓度为3%时,JHCFS2的降解率最高为99%,JHCFS4的降解率最低为48%,表明四株菌在盐浓度(NaCl,KCl)低于3%的条件下可正常降解苯酚。通过对四株菌的16S rRNA基因克隆与序列分析,在NCBI进行BLAST获得同源性序列,利用Clustalx1.8软件和MEGA4.0软件进行同源性比较和系统发育学分析,结合生理生化特性将菌株JHCFS1,JHCFS2,JHCFS3与JHCFS4(GenBank收录号:FJ455076,FJ455077,FJ458437与FJ458438)分别归为Bacillus simplex,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus pumilus与Bacillus cibi,为降解苯酚提供了微生物物种资源。     

PW_(12)/SiO_2光催化降解水中苯酚

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了二氧化硅负载H3PW12O40催化剂,并采用红外光谱、XRD及BET对其进行了表征。研究了其对水中苯酚的光催化降解性。讨论了负载催化剂用量、光照时间对苯酚和TOC去除率的影响。结果表明:PW12/SiO2负载型催化剂用量为3g/L,光照6h,10mg/L苯酚水溶液中苯酚去除率为93.06%,TOC去除率为73.20%。PW12/SiO2多相光催化10mg/L苯酚水溶液降解反应和苯酚水溶液直接光解反应均为一级动力学反应。     

四川空中水资源的稳定性与可开发性研究

利用1948—2008年的NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,计算了四川地区大气中的可降水量、水汽含量相对变率、水汽输送通量和水汽输送通量散度,分析了四川空中水资源的稳定性与可开发性。结果表明:水汽含量的稳定性特征与水汽含量有密切关系,水汽含量高的东南部,水汽含量稳定;水汽含量相对低的西北地区,水汽含量不稳定。盆地月水汽含量的平均年际变化特点为:夏季小、冬季大,东部小、西部大,1948—2008年以来,区域平均的年大气可降水量总体呈偏多—偏少—偏多—偏少的趋势。大部分水汽集中在对流层中下层,主要来自印度季风区孟加拉湾和南海,而对流层中上层,则以中纬度西风带输送为主。春、秋、冬季四川东南地区有较强的水汽辐合中心,结合大气环流和大气湿度分布揭示了区域上空水汽汇聚,可以较好地指导云雨作业。     

Biodegradation of phenol and /w-cresol by mutated Candida tropicalis

The phenol and m-cresol biodegradations were studied using the mutant strain CTM 2 obtained by the He-Ne laser irradiation on wild-type Candida tropicalis. The results showed that C. tropicalis exhibited the increased capacity of phenolic compounds degradation after laser irradiation. It could degrade 2600 mg/L phenol and 300 mg/L m-cresol by 5% inoculum concentration, respectively. In the dual-substrate biodegradation system, 0-500 mg/L phenol could accelerate m-cresol biodegradation, and 300 mg/L m-cresol could be completely utilized within 46 hr at the presence of 350 mg/L phenol. Besides, the maximum biodegradation of m-cresol could reach 350 mg/L with 80 mg/L phenol within 61 hr. Obviously, phenol, as a growth substrate, could promote CTM 2 to degrade m-cresol, and was always preferentially utilized as carbon source. Comparatively, low-concentration m-cresol could result in a great inhibition on phenol degradation. In addition, the kinetic behaviors of cell growth and substrate biodegradation were described by kinetic model proposed in our laboratory.     

旋转薄膜式光催化反应器降解水中有机污染物

提出了一种强化薄膜浆态反应器的新型反应器——旋转薄膜式光催化反应器(RFFS)。以苯酚为模拟有机污染物,以商品的Degussa P25为光催化剂,首先研究了RFFS反应器的性能,然后与常规的鼓泡式光催化反应器进行了光催化性能比较。实验结果表明,RFFS反应器形成的旋转浆态薄膜扩大了与空气和光源的接触面积,强化了光催化体系的传质,提高了体系中催化剂对光能的利用率,并且能够在较高光催化剂浓度的条件下运行。在苯酚初始浓度为30mg/L,催化剂投加量为3.0g/L,通气气速1.0L/min,浆料循环流量为3.3L/min,光距为10cm的条件下,与传统反应器相比,苯酚的催化反应速率提高了1.6倍。     

伊宁市城市饮用水中含氟量的分析

对2002-2007年伊宁市地下水中的氟含量作了统计和分析,结果表明,地下水中氟含量偏低,经常饮用易造成氟缺乏,易患龋齿病。     

Critical flow-storm approach to total maximum daily load(TMDL) development: an analytical conceptual model

One of the key challenges in the total maximum daily load (TMDL) development process is how to define the critical condition for a receiving waterbody. The main concern in using a continuous simulation approach is the absence of any guarantee that the most critical condition will be captured during the selected representative hydrologic period, given the scarcity of long-term continuous data. The objectives of this paper are to clearly address the critical condition in the TMDL development process and to compare continuous and event-based approaches in defining critical condition during TMDL development for a waterbody impacted by both point and nonpoint source pollution. A practical, event-based critical flow-storm (CFS) approach was developed to explicitly addresses the critical condition as a combination of a low stream flow and a storm event of a selected magnitude, both having certain frequencies of occurrence. This paper illustrated the CFS concept and provided its theoretical basis using a derived analytical conceptual model. The CFS approach clearly defined a critical condition, obtained reasonable results and could be considered as an alternative method in TMDL development.     

基于降雨和地形特征的输出系数模型改进及精度分析

降雨是非点源污染产生的主要驱动条件,地形是非点源污染输移的重要影响因素,两者均与非点源污染紧密相关。输出系数模型是大尺度流域非点源污染模拟的常用模型,从降雨和地形对非点源污染产生、迁移的影响出发,对现有输出系数模型进行了改进,并给出了改进模型中降雨影响因子和地形影响因子的确定方法,以提高模型在大尺度流域的模拟精度。最后,以长江上游1990和2000年TN负荷估算为例,分析了模型改进前后的精度变化。精度对比表明,通过模型改进,流域综合相对误差从4502%和4249%减小到2393%和1838%,直门达站、沱江大桥站和罗渡溪站控制流域的相对误差有明显减小。改进后的输出系数模型结构更合理,模拟更符合实际。     

The role of plant leaf attributes in linking land use to ecosystem function in temperate grassy vegetation

We tested predictions of the relative changes in plant leaf traits in response to land uses in Australian eucalypt grassy ecosystems. Predictions were determined from responses observed in European landscapes in relation to disturbances associated with agricultural land uses. We measured specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) across five land uses: reference sites (closest to pre-European state), native pastures (unfertilized), fertilized pastures, sown pastures (cultivated and fertilized) and enriched grassland (previously fertilized, no longer grazed). Leaves were expected to have higher SLA and lower LMDC at sites with increasing fertility and/or disturbance.The predictions were confirmed, with SLA increasing progressively in land uses associated with (1) grazing; (2) grazing and fertilization; (3) grazing, fertilization and cultivation. Values for LDMC were closely (but inversely) correlated with those of SLA. For both traits, there were relationships with available soil phosphorus but not with soil total nitrogen. The positive correlation of SLA with phosphorus was not evident above 30 mg kg⁻¹, the recommended level of phosphorus for improved pastures.Results confirm patterns of leaf-trait response to disturbance that reflect fundamental constraints to plant survival in habitats with different levels of resources and disturbances. A conservative strategy for low productivity undisturbed habitats is associated with low SLA and high dry matter content in contrast to fertile disturbed habitats which select for high SLA and low dry matter content. The changes in leaf traits across land uses resulted from species substitution rather than variation within species across sites, and most notably the replacement of native by annual exotic species as land use intensifies.Recommended fertilization rates for pasture production convert the ground layer to plants with soft, digestible leaves, that are responsive to fertilizer and desirable for livestock production. However, fertilization also drastically reduces the diversity of native plants and annual plants tend to dominate. The trade-off associated with high production includes increased vulnerability to soil erosion, due to reduced plant cover and low persistence of cover. If alternative ecosystem values such as erosion control, water quality, salinity control and biodiversity persistence are required, incentives may be needed to offset the loss of production that can be gained from fertilizer application.